How Effectively the Barnardo’s Website Presents it’s Campaign to Prevent Child Poverty Essay

* The layout of material * The way in which language is manipulated * The effect on the intended audience In this essay I will analyse how the use of graphics, language, lay-out and links in this website are effective in raising peoples’ awareness so that Barnardo’s can help to stop and prevent child poverty. Barnardo’s deals with many situations and projects such as day care and play schemes, after school clubs, advice and counselling for parents and parenting education. There are over three hundred of these projects, run by Barnardo’s, around the UK. In this website, Barnardo’s are appealing to a younger audience. In the text it tells us that they have launched an e-card campaign asking 1 million â€Å"children and young people† to respond. I think this is a good idea because most of the young people are on the Internet now as opposed to the older generation. The other aspect of the article that appeals to young people is the fact that it is related to people of the similar age groups and the case study can be related to more easily by younger people as it is about a young person. Although it is aimed at younger people it is going to get passed on to the adults anyway by asking for help on the Internet, telling a teacher as part of a school project. The idea of having this campaign on the Internet is more appealing as more people would look on the Internet for a campaign instead of calling in to a store and picking up a leaflet. In this campaign, Barnardo’s use pictures to try and persuade us to help. They persuade us by making us feel sympathetic towards the children, which will make us want to help the children. They do this by showing us pictures that we can relate to, pictures such as school halls and corridors, outer doors and swing parks. They show us these pictures because these are places that would be related to children. But the difference, however, is that they show them as being derelict and vandalised. The other thing they use is dull colours, which makes the pictures seem sad, lonely and also evil. By making them derelict and dull they make us think that the victims feel sad and lonely because that is the emotion the pictures give across and because of these emotions we feel entitled to help change their lives. The position, on the page, of the pictures also makes us feel different about helping the campaign. The photographs are placed in the centre of the page and the text is surroundin g them. This means that you cannot read the text without looking at the pictures and the emotion in the text with the emotion in the pictures makes it appeal more to us and makes us feeling even more obliged to help the children. At the top of each page Barnardo’s have placed their logo and slogan. It is placed at the top left-hand corner of each page and I think this is effective because people would look there first. The logo is a picture of what looks like two adults with a child and they look quite cheery which makes you think that the lives of children who are victims of child poverty will end up like that if they get the help from Barnardo’s and the nation-wide public. The slogan underneath this backs it up, it says † Giving Children Back Their Future†, which is what Barnardo’s are trying to do with this campaign. The slogan and logo are effective, when presented in this way, because they make you feel like you can trust Barnardo’s to give them a better future. Throughout the website, Barnardo’s keep mentioning the other facilities they operate, which reinforces its stability and reliability. On the first page it leans on the fact that it is safe and offers a safe environment, â€Å"safe and stimulating place to play†. The charity does this to show their audience that they are reliable and determined about stopping and preventing child poverty and about getting all the help they can with the campaign. You see can that they always are looking towards the future of the children. The case study that is included supports this. The case study is a human appeal about someone who was a victim of child poverty and the conclusion of the study tells us how Barnardo’s helped and how the boy is going to change his own life and turn everything around. People can relate to a case study like this because they want a better world and their instincts make them feel sorry for the boy and make them want to help others like him. The other techniques they use are the emotive phrases in the case study. They use phrases such as â€Å"neither of the adults had much time for Michael† and they tell us the boy had â€Å"no sense of stability†. These phrases are quite harsh and can make you think twice about not wanting to help, especially to an older audience because they wouldn’t want their children growing up like that. The links on the web page are very clear and helpful, they use FAQ’s (frequently asked questions) such as † who we are† and â€Å"what we do†. These sorts of phrases are also used as headings at the top of each page. The links also include a â€Å"support us† heading which you could take as a plea or cry out for help. The â€Å"contact us† link means that if you have any additional questions or need help with anything you can contact them easily and even help them more if they need it. The sort of support and help they want is for young people to send an e-card which is also a link at the concluding page. Because it is set out in this format means you don’t need to give any money and it means you have no way out of it because it is eye-catching and you would feel obliged to help because it is any easy thing to do. When people start to read about the campaign they might think they will have to give money but it appeals to the reader becau se it doesn’t involve an awful lot to change someone’s life. The language in the campaign is very simple and plain in the text. They don’t use a large variety of vocabularies so that younger people can understand it better because it isn’t difficult or challenging. The text has a lot of emotive language such as, â€Å"inescapable aspect† and â€Å"lacks local amenities†. The word â€Å"you† is used, in the context † You can be a force for change†, which makes you think that they are talking directly to you and makes you feel that the children’s lives are dependant on you. In the section headed â€Å"the facts† bullet points are used which makes the text a lot easier to read and you think that you are reading very little but you actually take in a lot of information. I think that the idea of a web page is very effective because I know that I would prefer reading something of the Internet than reading a leaflet on a campaign. The most effective technique, I think, is the case study because I thought it was very moving and after I read it I could slightly relate to it because the person seemed to be about the same age as me and obviously wanted to change his life around. What Barnardo’s did to try and change that boy’s life was spectacular. After I finished I sent an e-card because I was persuaded into doing the right thing which was the whole point of the campaign.

Chapter 5 Case Study 1 Essay

1. What do you think some possible drawbacks from recruiting from social network site might be? Some possible drawbacks from recruiting from social network site may be that it opens up the possibility for hackers to commit fraud and launch spam and virus attacks. It also can increases the risk of people falling prey to online scams that seem genuine, resulting in data or identity theft. 2. What other sources of applicants might work just as well or better than social networking sites? Other sources of applicants that can work just as well or better than social networking sites if being done internally is transfers, promotions, and re-employment of ex-employees. If the process is being held externally then it can be advertisement, can go through employment agencies, educational institutions, recommendations, and many more. 3. Do you think social networking sites could be used to hire talent aboard? Why or Why not? Social networking sites could be used to hire talent aboard because it expands the company globally and helps them to communicate effectively. Hiring abroad, you are facilitating their desire to be self-sufficient, helping them achieve their dreams, and contributing to the stability of immigrant neighborhoods and the most important point they are qualified and productive workers. Chapter 5 Case Study 1 1. What are some of the possible reasons Scott did not seek or receive advice from her immediate supervisor? Scott did not seek or receive advice from her immediate supervisor because she felt as if she was under qualified and that there were other employees with more skills and knowledge about the duty at hands. 2. After reviewing the chapter, suggest all possible ways that Scott can prepare herself for career advancement.

Diplomatic Role of Residual US Forces in Iraq Essay

Diplomatic Role of Residual US Forces in Iraq - Essay Example he revenue end up being used in making the situation better rather than being utilized in development projects like improving the infrastructure hence pulling the countries development downwards. The political situation in Iraq has affected the gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries for instance Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UEA and Bahrain. The situation in Iraq has however been improved to some extent through the intervention of various groups that are all aimed at restoring peace in the country. This is nonetheless a justification that the country is in a good position currently and even in the future as the condition of the people in Iraq is faced with a lot of uncertainty due to the external forces that come in the name of assisting but in the long run end up not helping considerably as they have their hidden agenda. This has in a way contributed to an increased poverty level of the people. This paper looks into the diplomatic role of residual US forces in Iraq. Iraq is a country that has faced a lot of political instability especially after the war led by the US in the year 2003. The war was mainly aimed at destroying the society of Iraq through insecurity and lack of peace making the United States and other interested parties to easily gain access to the resources in the country especially the rich oil reserves. Since then, the political situation in the country has not been good which led to the signing of an agreement between the country and the US where the latter was to offer assistance in regard to restoring peace in Iraq through provision of security in the country by laying down particular strategies aimed at bringing the Iraqi people together and preventing any foreign or external attacks. The decision was made based on the United States’ capabilities in terms of equipment and military forces which could be of substantial help to the country. The agreement was also in favor of the United States as it could now have some acc ess to the oil

Civil Rights Sermon Is Mislaid but Not Forgotten Essay

Civil Rights Sermon Is Mislaid but Not Forgotten - Essay Example Many of the accomplished white elites and clergy in those times were resorting to distorted interpretations of the sacred text to justify racism and prejudice. It was amidst these trying times that Bishop Clay F Lee delivered a sermon that boldly criticized and challenged the bigotry he witnessed. Bishop Lee’s act of coming heavily on racial intolerance was indeed really courageous and bold, considering the times and place amidst which he delivered this sermon. There is no denying the fact that during times when intolerance and prejudice command social recognition and support, it is possible even for the most well intentioned people to get swayed in favor of the majority opinion. However, it is the duty of religious leadership in such times to not to give in to popular opinion and sentiments and to uphold the voice of sanity and love. The primary duty of the religious teachers is to lead the people from darkness towards light, irrespective of the opposition and intimidation they are to contend with, as was rightly done by Bishop Clay F

Crippled by their Culture by Thomas Sowell Essay

Crippled by their Culture by Thomas Sowell - Essay Example The focus, or thesis, of the writer is that race cannot be used as a predictor or a descriptor for these forms of difference, as the difference is not prevalent when examining members of the same race who have been brought up under different environments, such as African-Americans and native Africans. The author proposes that instead, the culture that these people are brought up in provides a much stronger driver of their differences, and that this can be self-reinforcing. The author cites a variety of anecdotal examples to provide evidence to his point of view, producing an effective and well researched argument. The author starts the essay by listing some of the main differences that are acknowledged to exist between blacks and whites, although the list is not significantly developed. Instead, the author goes on to discuss how these differences have been presented and explained, both in earlier and in present times. Citing an example of recent research, the author goes on to explai n how these perspectives do not adequately explain all the differences that occur. The example the author was a study that looked at black Harvard alumni, and found that those from Africa or the West Indies, or were children of immigrants from either location, vastly outnumbered African-American blacks. The author goes on to suggest, that this difference and similar differences cannot adequately be explained by either racial differences or by racism. In the following paragraph, the author engages the audience asking them directly what possible explanations exists to explain â€Å"such large disparities †¦among these three groups of blacks?† Here he encourages the audience to consider his previous statements, and come to the conclusion that racism and race are not adequate descriptors of three groups that are very difficult to distinguish visually. The paragraphs that follow address the historical perspective, proposing that disparities within races have always existed, g oing back to differences between the â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢free persons of color’ in 1950†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦those blacks whose ancestors were freed in the next decade†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Following this, the author suddenly changes focus, from considering the past and specific examples, to the present time and the differences between the North and the South of the United States. Furthermore, he goes from considering differences between blacks, to individually considering differences within the blacks and within the whites across the Northern and Southern United States. To support his argument, the author gives a number of statistical examples of differences, such as the time children spend in school and the number of schools. He then considers how these disparities are able to cause other disparities, citing illegitimacy rates and violence examples. The author then restates and reinforces his points that â€Å"none of these disparities can be attributed to either race or racism†, then suggests and subsequently debunks slavery as an alternative theory. He suggests that culture is the only explanation that is left. The second half of the essay takes on a different tone. Up till this point the author focused on cultural differences from a more theoretical perspective, citing a range of examples. In the second half of the essay he talks solely about one specific case, the differences between the North and the South, using the common derogatory term for Southerners, rednecks. The author refocuses his direction on the black population, by considering how the redneck culture was occupied by approximately one third of the white population of the United States, 90% of the black populat

Fighting Violent Religious through Self-Governance and Economic Research Paper

Fighting Violent Religious through Self-Governance and Economic - Research Paper Example Both air and ground bombardments of the extremist groups and toppling of the extremist regimes like the previous Saddam Hussein government have failed in ending religious extremist violence. This paper will discuss the origins of the extremist groups and offer solutions to ending religious extremist violence (James and Mason 10). II. Background and history of religious extremism Unlike the popular beliefs, religious extremism and violence is not an element of any religion. Although Islam religion has Jihad, the religion prohibits the use of violence and terrorism. The root cause of religious extremism is false radical doctrines that cause frustration and anger among the extremists. Religious extremist groups are willing to use violence to maintain the status quo. Unfortunately, America has numerous hate groups and religious extremists that are always willing to use violence to achieve their terrorism objectives. Religious extremist groups make powerful denunciation of people with dif ferent lifestyles and dehumanize the non-believers in their religion. These groups make idealizations of past eras and devalue the events of the world since they intensely focus on life after death. These groups try to maintain the traditional roles of women and use violence to those who disagree with their beliefs. One common belief of all religions is the purpose of preservation of human life and living according to the will of God. Islam is committed to attaining peace through commitment to God’s will. Muslim Brotherhood, the most influential political organization in the Muslim world, has embraced radical ideologies by asserting that the Arab world is currently corrupted by Western influences. Modern Islamic extremist groups include Hamas, Hezbollah and Al-Qaeda. Islamic extremist has been triggered by the US occupation of Iraq, the globalization of the Western culture and the ongoing Palestinian-Israel conflicts where countries dominated by Christianity beliefs are suppo rting Israel in the occupation of the contested regions (James and Mason 40). Christian extremist groups also exist with the objective of using violence against members of other religions in order to transform the US to a biblical law government. Christian extremists groups have in the past used violence against citizens who live against the biblical teachings like gay people, pro-abortion groups and stem cell researchers. The goal of the Christian extremist groups is to impose their moral values in the US constitution and eventually create a â€Å"Christian America† that is ruled by Christianity beliefs and teachings. The aftermath of the Holocaust that claimed the lives of more than 6 million Jews led to the formation of Jewish religion extremist groups. The clash of cultures and faith between the extremist Muslims and extremist Christians has threatened the global peace since numerous terrorism attacks have been facilitated by the extremist groups. Islamic extremist groups have the objective of dismantling democratic governance and capitalist ideas and replace them with communist values. The return of the Palestinian State to Muslims and the total destruction of Israel is one of the objectives of religious extremism in the Israel-Palestinian crisis. Religious extremism is a part of the greater social problems experienced in the society. Historically, Islam religion was peaceful due to excellent living conditions and flourishing economies. Christians

The legal driving age in Illinois should be raised from 16 Research Paper

The legal driving age in Illinois should be raised from 16 - Research Paper Example Even though many reasons were cited for increasing number of car accidents, the major reasons are underage driving, drink driving or driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs etc. Even though in many of the American states, the legal driving age is 18, Illinois is one state in America in which the driving age is fixed to 16. The increasing car accident statistics from Illinois clearly point towards the necessities of raising legal driving age from 16. This paper briefly analyses the necessities of raising legal driving age from 16 in Illinois. Problems associated with driving at the age of 16 â€Å"According to a recent study by American Automobile Association, 30917 fatalities over the last ten years were the result of crashes involves drivers ages 15-17 years old† (Peters, 2007). Driving is a dangerous act and it is not a childish play since we consider the consequences of accidents. Accidents can take the lives of the driver, fellow passengers and other innocent peopl e on the road. It is ethically wrong to give the control of a vehicle in the hands of an immature person. Age sixteen, under no means is a matured age. Even for getting voting rights, completion of eighteen years of age is necessary in America. In other words, American administration believes that a person under the age of eighteen is incapable of taking sound or matured decisions. In American military, only people who crossed eighteen years of age are admitted. The legal drink age is fixed at eighteen years in most of the American states. The above examples clearly show that a person below eighteen years of age is incapable of handling tough situations and taking sound decisions. Driving is an act which requires continuous decision making. Any immature decision taken at the wrong time can cause accidents on and off the road. Under such circumstances, it is better to give the control of steering to people who crossed at least eighteen years of age. â€Å"Empirically, a number of re ports and survey show that the accidents prevalence rates among the underage drivers was very high and a greet cause of concern among parents and authorities† (Wilson, 2010). Driving a vehicle can be very dangerous for someone not having the proper experience and knowledge about the rules and regulations given by the state. Before being given a driver license a person should have completed certain age. The legal driving age set by the state Illinois is too low when we consider the complexities in driving a vehicle. Mind, hands and legs of the driver should be coordinated properly for ensuring safe driving. It is difficult for the children of age sixteen to get better coordination of mind, hands and legs. Moreover, it is difficult for the teenagers to take sound driving decisions. For example, teenagers like to drive their vehicle as fast as they can. They may not think properly about their steering or vehicle controlling abilities or the probabilities of accidents. Unnecessary overtaking and injudicious decision making while overtaking can cause big accidents. â€Å"Driving while either intoxicated or drunk is dangerous and drivers with high blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) are at greatly increased risk of car accidents, highway injuries and vehicular deaths†(Drinking and driving, 2009). Most of the children in America taste the drinks even at an early age of below twelve years. Those who attracted by the

Health Care Issues - Patient Safety Improvement - Lessons learned in Essay

Health Care Issues - Patient Safety Improvement - Lessons learned in the aviation industry - Essay Example Then the surgeon, anesthetist and nurse verbally confirm the patient identity, surgical site and procedure. They then check on any anticipated critical events, any essential imaging and any antibiotic administration in the last one hour. Before ht patient leaves the operation room the nurse verbally confirms with the team the name of the procedure recorded, that all instruments used are present, any equipment problems, then the surgeon, anesthetist and nurse review recovery and management of the patient. This arrangement is similar to what happens shortly before a flight. The cabin crew identify themselves by name and role in the flight. They identify the route to which they are going. They then give a brief to the passengers about the plane and what to do and what not to do incase of an emergency. They identify the person to whom the passenger is to contact incase of an emergency. They passengers are notified on every issue this is important as relates to that flight. At the end of the flight all of the crew confirm that all passengers that boarded the flight arrived and safely. Incase of any problem they notify the relevant authority. The initial move of identification is similar to what happens at the surgical room. The surgeon and his crew each identify themselves and their roles so that in the event of an emergency there is no confusion as to who is to do what and when. All the briefing given to the passengers is similar to the information the surgeon and his team give. The arr ival to the destination, and confirmation of the presence of all passengers safely is also similar to what the surgeon, nurse and anesthetist do when ensuring that they have identified the patient well and all equipment used is present. This kind of approach minimizes mistakes in the surgical room. Every one does his or her role when need arises and there is calmness and control of the situation throughout. The patient is better of in the hands of a well organized team

The Phenomenal Growth of California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Phenomenal Growth of California - Essay Example After 1940, approach towards boosted advanced technology such as aerospace and electronics industries was a significant move towards improvement. Consisting of talented soldiers, a military also became readily available for the state, increasing its status and stability (Deverell and Igler 3). The film stars of Hollywood and a numerous amount of high – standard movies added up to make California the hot spot and a center of attention from the globe. California became an American cultural phenomenon; the idea of the â€Å"California Dream† as a part of the massive American Dream of finding a better living attracted 35 million new residents from the start to the end of the 20th century (1900 – 2010). Silicon Valley became the world’s one of the biggest and vital midpoint for computer innovation and production. Over the next 25 years, California’s population would grow by about 500,000 per year, and overtook New York as the nation’s largest state in 1963.  Ã‚  Many couples had two or more children, which fueled a â€Å"baby boom.†Ã‚  Ã‚  These growing families generated ever-growing demand for places to live, transportation facilities, and education. Housing was in short supply immediately after the war. In response, suburban communities sprang up and spread prodigiously based on advert of mass produced housing. The Westchester district of Los Angeles was a prime example of a community built by mass - produced housing (Kolko, Neumark and Mejia 25).   Ã‚   A better transportation system was needed to serve this growing economy.  Ã‚  In 1940, the first freeway was opened.  Freeway development resumed after a wartime suspension.  Ã‚  In 1947 the Collier-Burns Act raised the gasoline tax, which enabled significant freeway construction growth.  Ã‚  In the 1950s and 1960s, in addition to the tremendous growth of urban freeway systems in the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay

The Flow of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Flow of Communication - Essay Example There are five types of messages that are most often communicated in the field of criminal justice. The list of five messages that are used include an email /memo, Letters, Reports; telephone Call, Personal Visit or email; long Memorandum reports with Visual Aids; Personal Visit or Telephone Call, Memorandum or Letter (McConnel 1993, pp. 44-45). The message type including email /memo, Letters, Reports depend on if the message requires a written record or not. The second factor is the requirement of an immediate feedback of the message, if so than the second category of telephone call; personal visit or an email is selected (Dean 1961, pp 12-16). The third important factor that is seen is the requirement of careful organization and supporting documentation, certification or credentials that may accompany the message; if so; long memorandum or reports with visual aids are generally selected. How urgent is the message is an important factor to be regarded when it comes to message types so considering the urgency, personal visit or telephone call; memorandum or a letter is taken into account (Arnold et al 1983, pp 34-35) The flow chart that has been given to us has to be taken into account if we are to discuss the ways in which the messages are communicated in many differ... This flow chart shows us the basic model of the communication of the messages (McConnell 1993, pp 12-13). When one has to communicate with the other person, a certain message has to be composed and sent to the other person. Thus the person composing the message and sending it is the "sender"; having an idea regarding the content of the message. The message is composed mentally therefore shaping up the idea, that idea has to be converted to a message of any form, whether it is the email or the report or a telephone call; keeping in mind all the factors that have been discussed above. The idea is converted into a message; thereby the message is encoded (King 1992, pp 23-25). The chosen channel of the message; as it depends upon the underlying factors; is sent to the receiver of the message. If it is the email, it will be sent through the available web services and so on. The receiver receives the message through the respective channel and the receiver decodes/opens the message. With the message there may be some additional feedback that awaits the receiver, so the sender may send the receiver some additional message that is received. The message that has been sent to the receiver might even require a reply of some sort; thereby the receiver may send a feedback to the sender (Adair 1997, pp 32-35). The whole communication cycle is a step-by-step formation of an organized channel of how the message is composed, thought over and sent to the receiver. In the beginning of it all, the message is just an idea. The idea is converted to an encoded message; decoded by the receiver. It all depends on the factors that underly the message that the channel of the massage is to be selected. The receiver always comes in

Health Literacy Essay Example for Free

Health Literacy Essay I. Background Child health is an essential indicator of the quality of life in developing countries. Mothers’ literacy is often positively associated with improved child health and nutritional status (Glewwe, 1999). The possession of literacy increases the ability of a mother or a family to acquire more knowledge. Improvements in child health are considered as the consequences of enhanced of mother’s knowledge. In short, literacy affects health, and health affects educational achievement (Grosse, 1989). Because the correlation between literacy, health, wealth and well-being is becoming increasingly important, it is crucial to include health literacy as skills required for an adult ‘to function’ in a community (Kickbusch, 2001). Health literacy has been recognized as a key outcome measure of health promotion interventions (Nutbeam, 1996). It can be categorized as basic/functional health literacy, communicative/interactive health literacy and critical literacy. Each level has different ‘autonomy and personal empowerment’. Individual attention is focused on developing the skills and confidence to make choices that enhance individual health outcomes (Nutbeam, 2000). As the highest level, critical literacy ideally will be achieved in which people have this capability to search for information, assess the reliability of that information and use that information to have a better control over their health determinants (Nutbeam and Renkert, 2001). Following this health literacy concept, Nutbeam and Renkert (2001) define mother’s health literacy as ‘the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of women to gain access to, understand and use the information in ways that promote and maintain their health and that of their children’. In terms of literacy, Indonesia has a relatively high of literacy rate of 90% (UNICEF, 2007). However, people with adequate literacy for dealing with  familiar concepts and practices, such as household management can discover a considerable difficulty to understand unfamiliar issues, such as health care information (Kalichman and Rompa, 2000). For mothers, health literacy skills are important factors in predicting child health outcomes. Indonesia as a developing country still faces many child health problems. Infant, neonatal and under-5 mortality rate was relatively high (26, 17 and 34 per 1000 live births, respectively) in 2006. Child immunization coverage is still considerably low with measles coverage of 66. 2%, MCV (80%), DPT (75%) and hepatitis (74%) among one-year-olds (WHO, 2009). Many studies show that low literacy is related with several adverse health outcomes (DeWalt, 2004). One of the ways to improve child health is likely by improving mother’s health literacy. Many recent studies have examined the impact of mother’s health literacy on child health (Sandiford, 1995). However, there are few studies focused on the barriers to mother’s health literacy. This study will investigate barriers are there to improve mother’s health literacy on child health and find solutions might overcome the barriers. II. Objectives 1. To investigate the level of mother’s health literacy in province of Aceh (functional, interactive or critical health literacy of mothers toward child health care, participation in child care programme in villages or sub districts, health seeking behaviours, efforts to gain access to health services). 2. To explore what barriers are there to improve mother’s health literacy on child health 3. To evaluate solutions that might overcome the barriers in order to enhance mother’s health literacy. 4. To create a model of intervention to improve maternal health literacy III. Methodology This research will be conducted in quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative methods will investigate the data about the mothers’ functional, interactive and critical health literacy toward the child health care, the utilisation of primary health care by mothers in terms of health seeking behaviour, child immunization coverage and monitoring of children’s nutritional status. The data will be collected by using structured questionnaires. The functional literacy will use the structured questionnaires of Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) (Baker, 1999) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) (Bass, 2003) while the interactive and critical health literacy questionnaires will be designed by modifying the existing researches that study of maternal health literacy. Then, the results will be categorized by scoring into Inadequate, Marginal and Adequate health literacy. Before the questionnaire is used for the investigation, the validity and reliability tests will be performed. In the qualitative stage, I will conduct personal interviews and focus group discussions to find out the barriers and solutions to improve maternal health literacy. Semi-structured personal interviews will be used for mothers and health care staff (physicians, nurses and midwifes) from villages and sub-district health services. Respondents will be interviewed individually and privacy will be maintained during the interview. For focus group discussions, they will be purposively selected to ensure the maximum variation to ensure a diversity of views about barriers to improve mothers’ health literacy within the sample. For each group, initial contact will be made by a gatekeeper such as co-ordinator of village mother’s association, wife of head of village and village midwife. All groups will be facilitated by the researcher, recorded with the participants’ permission and will be fully transcribed. Sampling strategy Participant will be recruited from women who have children (younger or older children) in disparate geographical areas (social/cultural/ethnic mix) to look for contextual difference and from different level of education (no education, basic, advanced and higher education). The sample will be recruited purposively from the population data of department of health in Aceh. Women who are willing to participate, speak either Indonesia or Acehnese, and are articulate will be purposively selected for the qualitative study. For the quantitative study, respondents will be selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. All respondent selected will be assured that participation is voluntary. Data analysis The recorded interviews will be transcribed word for word into the language of the interview (Bahasa Indonesia, but Acehnese will be used as many people in rural areas cannot speak bahasa) and then translated into English. Categories for analysis of data will be identified at the beginning. The transcripts will be analyzed and allocated from each subject to various categories. Data will then be analyzed according to these categories. The quantitative data will be analized using SPSS statistical software version 19. 0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill). IV. Significance Indonesia is a developing country with a population of nearly 250 million. Low literacy and high fertility coupled with poor economy translates into high morbidity and mortality. Women and children are the most vulnerable segments in terms of health. It is important to improve maternal health literacy and other factors related to health services in order to increase child health care. It is a multi sector program that involves many stake holders including health department, medical education and community. It is important for medical education institution to educate their graduations of health promotion and health education against the current trend of medical education that is more likely to be a curative and specialist view. V. Others USA is a developed country and well known for its reputable universities especially for public health subjects. Health system in the US is different from Indonesia that will allow me to learn more about health education especially maternal health literacy in the US health system. The project will be conducted in three years. The detail of timeline can be found in the table below. Table 1. The timeline of research No| Years| Year 1| Year 2| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| Refine research question| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2| Preparation of proposal| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3| Literature review and process the local and university ethical issues| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4| Produce the questioners | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5| Data collection| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6| Data analysis| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. No| Years| Year 3| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 6| Data analysis (continued)| | | | | | | | | | | | | 8| Writing initial draft| | | | | | | | | | | | | 9| Proof reading | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10| Revision and hand in| | | | | | | | | | | | | References Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Education and Counseling. 1999, 38:33-42. Bass PF, Wilson JF, and Griffith CH. A Shortened Instrument for Literacy Screening. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2003,18:1036-1038. Glewwe. P. Why does mother’s schooling raise child health in developing countries? evidence from Morocco. The Journal of Human Resources. 1999; 34 (1): 124 – 159. Grosse R. N. Literacy and health status in developing counties. Annual Review Public Health. 1989; 34: 281 – 97. Kickbusch I. S. Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide. Health Promotion International. 2001; 16 (3): 289 – 97. Nutbeam D. Achieving ‘best practice’ in health promotion: improving the fit between research and practice. Health Education Research. 1996; 11 (3): 317 – 26. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International. 2000; 15 (3): 259 – 67. Nutbeam D and Renkert S. Opportunities to improve maternal health literacy through antenatal education: an exploratory study. Health Promotion International. 2001; 16 (4): 38 – 88. Kalichman S. C and Rompa D. Functional health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people living with HIV-AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2000; 25: 337 – 44. The World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) for Indonesia. 2009. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. who. int/whosis/data/Search. jsp? indicators=[Indicator]. Members DeWalt D. A et. al. Literacy and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004; 19: 1228 – 39. Sandiford P, Cassel J, Montenegro M and Sanchez G. The impact of women’s literacy on child health and its interaction with access to health services. Population Investigation Committee. 1995; 49 (1): 5 – 17. Health Canada. Toward a Healthy Future: Second Report on the Health of Canadians. 1999. Retrieved Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/ph-sp/report-rapport/toward/pdf/toward_a_healthy_english. PDF Provincial health office Aceh province. Health profile of Aceh province in 2007. Banda Aceh-Indonesia. 2007. Rahmad Y. 2008, menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi. The Globe Journal Banda Aceh. 2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from: http://www. theglobejournal. com/detilberita. php? id=1586 Serambi news, Di aceh masih banyak perempuan buta huruf. Serambi Indonesia. 2/12/2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from: http://www. serambinews. com/old/index. php? aksi=bacaberitaberitaid=59771rubrik=1topik=13 The United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Statistics Basic Indicator for Indonesia. 2007. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. unicef. org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics. html.

The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Criminology Essay

The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Criminology Essay Critically analyse the assertion that; Young people are framed as perpetrators, but rarely considered as victims, and it is the latter that is needed. tABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The twentieth anniversary of James Bulgers death was observed on 12th February 2013. The kidnapping from a shopping mall in Bootle (Merseyside), and murdering of the two-year-old, established an entirely fresh precedent on the way in which juveniles are treated within the Criminal Justice System.  [1]  Due to the following moral panic, the case received too much public intention, which converted into a movement that commanded Robert Thompson and Jon Venables to be imprisoned forever.  [2]  This provided justification to the policy changes, which quickly assisted in reducing the age of criminal accountability to ten. The possibility that children could be victims themselves was disregarded. This essay will demonstrate the role of the media and the justice model in framing the youth in categories that assist in promoting popular thinking regarding a delinquent through prevailing social values, attitudes, and beliefsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[that] change slowly over time andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reshape what people think and believe.  [3]  In essence, the youth are used as suitable vehicles to meet political agenda. This is detrimental to society, as it does not conform to the needs of the victimised delinquent. This paper contains, in this regard, an evaluation of the debates around the justice and welfare models, and highlights the urge to develop the latter. The concluding section will state how the politicisation of crime develops a punitive justice system that redefines the youth as the new folk devils. It sees them as perpetrators and not victims. There is a strong need to increasingly consider the youth as victims, as it is only then the benefits of such a welfare model can be experienced. The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Debatably, the publics response towards deteriorating social order permits the introduction of more punitive measures by political parties and policy-makers. This would aid constructing public opinion so that the enforced regulations are justified and legitimised in controlling crime. Such is not a new occurrence. Cohen, in 1964, studied the moral hysteria created by the Mods and Rockers,  [4]  the shaping of the young black mugger in the 1970s was researched by Hall,  [5]  the 1980s focused upon the punks, the hoodies emerged in the nineties and the new millennium exposed gang lifestyles.  [6]  Nonetheless, Smith and Seudas study involved a postmodernist perspective of the Bulger case, which they view as incomparable.  [7]  The fact that Bulger was murdered by Boy A and Boy B (both aged ten and not adults) fuelled the country with hate to a level that Britain was seen striving for the blood of Thompson and Venables.  [8]  Through negative broadcasting, the media relentlessly sought to further demonise the boys. The media maintained the nations hatred and even influenced the removal of the injunction against naming the boys publicly. The murderers were never promoted as victims themselves. In fact, it became obvious that framing Thompson and Venables was indefinitely an instrument to negate the boys so governmental agendas are met. Being depicted as evil killers of a cute child, both boys confronted masses outside the courts that taunted to hang them.  [9]  The entire focus was on the devastation caused and this justified lowering the criminal responsibility age. Individuals under fourteen were no longer considered to be doli incapax or unable to commit crime.  [10]  Before criticising the medias involvement, it is important to note that framing is not regarded as what the media covers but rather the way in which it does.  [11]  Morrison highlights how the media elicit[ed] public sympathy by, for example, describing the victim as little Jamie.  [12]  Such evidently influenced Justice Morland in sentencing the offenders to the compulsory eight years; equivalent to the undefined sentence under secti on 53(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. The Judge viewed the crime as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cunning and very wicked and worthy of being imprisoned for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦very, very many years until maturation. Reflecting ideas of right realists (like American neo-conservative JQ Wilson), which view offenders as rational beings wilfully engaging in criminal behaviour, this ideology has gradually affected policy-making. It is incorrect to generalise children as it is certain that the age of maturity varies.  [13]  Also, the judges condition of being detained until you have matured emphasises the view that it is criminal not to have matured by ten. The judge can be regarded as being affected by external reactions. Each case should be decided on its merit, and equal attention should be given to punishing the crime and also dealing with the causes. The latter reflects the need to realise the perpetrators as victims suffering themselves. It is this welfare system that would provide economic and social security to individuals. Punishing the crime does not solve the problem as reoffending statistics highlight,  [14]  but rather the causes of crime should be eradicated. The judge, in the Bulger case, believed that eight years was very, very many years for a ten year old.  [15]  However four weeks later, Lord Chief Justice, Lord Taylor of Gosforth wanted to extend it to ten years so it would act as a deterrent. Nonetheless, such would again fall short of the authors argument that queries how a young mentally disturbed immature person could weigh up the consequence of his actions in such circumstances. It is not, for one second, being suggested to forgive murderers, but rather the state should recognise them also as victims and act to prevent future generations from suffering to the extent where they see such violent acts as rational. From a neutral perspective, it is apparent that the framing process provides a carte blanche to policy-makers to increase punishments and satisfy the communitys punitive urge. The Home Secretary, Michael Howard, was equipped with thousands of cuttings from the Suns movement steered by Bulgers parents to extend the se ntencing to whole life. In 1994, Howard increased it to fifteen years to calm the apprehensive public.  [16]  Such a move prohibited the recognition of the perpetrators as victims. It is evident that the victims family were stressed and wanted revenge, but if this request is completely adhered to by the state, this would detract completely from the welfare model and what is left is a system of solely crime and punishment. This is not a preventive model and would be ineffective in tackling problems faced by young offenders. Such has been supported by the English Court of Appeal  [17]  and the majority in the House of Lords,  [18]  who banned the ability of policymakers in deciding sentencing. Furthermore in T v UK and V v UK,  [19]  the European Court of Human Rights rightly recognised the unfair trial that resulted from the negative public opinion injected by the media. Lord Woolf cancelled the increased sentence and viewed the YOIs as too harsh. The boys were releas ed with new identities after serving the original eight years. James Bulgers mother warned the public to watch out for any unknown eighteen year olds residing in their area and advised that [t]hey got away with murder[and to] do what you can to get them out because theyre still dangerous. I know theyll kill again.  [20]  Being allowed to make defamatory assertions illustrates the framing process to be intact. Also, there was clearly no appreciation of the work in rehabilitating the offenders so they are not seen as a threat in community.  [21]  However, if it was given attention in the press then this, consequently, would have offended the victims family.  [22]  This is irrational. It is important to promote, to a certain extent, such rehabilitation work so it can educate the nation as to risks associated with disadvantaged children. This obviously will lower crime rates in the long run as crime-inducing factors would be dealt with; this is why Morrison argues the illogi cality by questioning whether its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦possible to imagine a place where the rehabilitation of lost and damaged children would be a matter for celebration, not outrage? However, too much attention would prove harmful, as this would promote a lenient criminal justice model catering to reform the young. Convinced to be looked after, immature individuals would commit crime. To be effective, the system employed should advertise both the stringent sentencing powers along with the welfare measures. But obviously, it is necessary for offenders to be classified as victims first. The Norwegian Example Outlining the James Bulger case was not simply due to its significance to present-day English and Welsh penal policy, but moreover to compare it with how other nations deal with the issue. Soon after, there was another murder that resembled the Bulger case.  [23]  Here, a six-year-old boy, along with two boys aged five, murdered five-year-old girl called Siljie.  [24]  Nonetheless even though she lost her daughter, the mother forgave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the ones who killedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is not possible to hate small children. They cant understand the consequences.  [25]  The offenders returned to normal schooling within two weeks and identities continue to be confidential.  [26]  They were not punished strictly but were initially seen by psychologists and welfare specialists. Obviously, the individuals were confronted with hardship but rather à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦care, support, guidance and counselling was encouraged.  [27]  Such was not overtly welcomed in the Bulger ca se. A welfare model operated in Norway. Many scholars began to query the way in which one society strives towards the whole life punishment, whilst another favours implanting offenders back into their normal lives and hoping they will recover from events as if they were victimised.  [28]  29Both these approaches represent the two extremes of the spectrum. Norway is seen as soft on crime whereas embracing the harsh method of England and Wales would be disadvantageous in understanding crime. A hybrid adoption would serve well; whereby deserving punishment is given and also the offenders are recognised, overtly and impartially, as victims so society can be cured and not merely punished. Political Platform The right realist policies are far greater retributory in nature than those of other EU States.  [30]  31A political economy has an impact upon the methods of framing certain individuals not least to imprison them in the assurance of a present societal unanimity that would not query it. A platform was offered to Tony Blair who manipulated Bulgers death to attack the Conservative reign, which Marxism stated catered the desires of the elite.  [32]  As elections approached, Thatcher demanded the removal of anarchy and violence from society. After Bulger, Blair was also seen asserting there to be somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ very sick at the heart of our society.  [33]  These statements are evidences of the use of juvenile crime to reach governmental agendas.  [34]  Furthermore, it also enables the introduction of more crime control methods that, along with attracting voters to political manifestos, moves away from the model of due process.  [35]  The focus is on punishin g crime rather than ultimately understanding it. It shifts towards a model that fails to recognise criminals as individuals with rights, and even a history of victimisation themselves. The UKs Attempts To Go Welfare There have been rare instances where attention has been given to juvenile delinquents, as hinted in the title. Immediately after Bulgers death, Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke proposed reforms that established new YOIs to support twelve to fourteen year-olds. These ran parallel with retributive programmes.  [36]  Although this depicts the justice methodology, the Bulger case did eventually query parental duties, increased state intervention and rehabilitation schemes within the framework of YOTs; diverting offenders from custodial sentencing to reparation with the sufferer and alternatively face community punishments. All questions were soon answered by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Nonetheless, the guidelines included have differing impacts on the procedures adopted by welfare performers as opposed to those of the justice approach. The year 1998 also introduced policies such as ASBOs, Parenting Orders, Dispersal Orders, Behaviour Agreements, Detention and Curfews.  [37]  Ho wever, despite being introduced to support them, the policies rather went on to adversely affect those appearing before the developing YOTs.  [38]  This is correct where multi-agency policies are intrinsic in programmes where society decides the juveniles consequence. Nonetheless when based upon evidence from quantitative research, there are problems since it claims that actors should closely follow procedures that are known to be successful. As seen in Section 93 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, [w]here a person aged under 21 is convicted of murderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the court shall sentence him to custody for life unless he is liable to be detained under section 90 above. In the words of John Pitts, we are far too concerned with their deeds and uninterested in their needs.  [39]   Contrary to the view expressed in the title, there have been attempts to unite justice and welfare to generate a more caring yet regulating attitude. This supports the idea that even though the individual is responsible for his action, the system does acknowledge the victimisation of that delinquent. For example, the restorative justice model enabled offender victim mediations whereby the offender meets the sufferer, apologises, displays sorrow and advances towards reparation. Such encounters are done with a volunteer who would, assisted by a script, monitor the procedure into a reasonable conclusion.  [40]   This was a great move but gradually, right wing views were injected into community sanctions and, as it became associated with custodial punishments, this defeated the objective. The proposed multi-agency system was further disordered with bifurcating approaches of the actors; largely police officers who are bias towards the youth (especially those from black/ethnic minorities). Feilzer and Hood, who discovered African-Carribean juveniles as being disproportionately represented in the youth justice system, have supported this assertion.  [41]  This can be explained by Hall et al and their study into the framing of black youths in Handsworth (Birmingham).  [42]  The delinquency is dissimilar but the manner in which the media reacted, and policy amendments that followed, is largely comparable. Three black youths attacked a male in 1973 and such a street crime would result in a six months sentence. However, they were found for a new crime called mugging.  [43]  The media exa ggerated and labelled all black men as muggers. This helped justify (following the 2011 UK riots) strategies like stop and search and sus laws contained in Code A of PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) whereby, in absence of reasonable basis, black men could be stopped.  [44]  Here also, photos of the offenders, one aged sixteen and two aged fifteen, were all over tabloids. Eventually, the oldest received twenty years of imprisonment and ten years were given to the other two.  [45]  Ultimately, the framing of the individuals, who were accountable for a lesser crime, initiated riots that consequently helped justify the severe punishments, police conduct and discretion. This can develop into a vicious cycle and would result in harsher forms of punishment that are justified with more severe criminal movements. Such can be prevented through actually treating the causes of criminality by, as this paper argues, increasingly identifying youths as victims themselves. The so-called developments in law are a result of children being used (as suitable vehicles) to construct media exaggerations even though children murdering children is not a new phenomenon. This in turn questions why previous practices of criminal justice were overwritten by Bulger. It was to distract the viewer from considering the youth as victims. In the case, Justice Morland questioned how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦two mentally normal boys aged 10 of average intelligence committed this terrible crime is very hard to comprehend.  [46]  Its obvious. They were mentally unstable as they were victims of brutality. Although experts evaluated them to be mature enough for an adult trial, they were not. In Norway, they would have been impartially recognised as victims, treated and sent back into their normal lives. Norways intentional homicide rates are exceptionally low with a rate of 0.6, as opposed to UKs 1.2, per hundred thousand in 2009.  [47]  Norways focus on rehabilitation is surely effective as seen in its low crime rate. The UK needs to increasingly consider the youth today as victims. This, in the long run, will address UKs problem of rising criminal behaviour. It is essential to understand the victimisation of youth as this would display societal defects that need attention. The first of three ways in which steps can be taken to avert juveniles from criminal conduct is by using Asset; where risks and defending factors are analysed to estimate the needs and improve matters of schooling, parenting, deficiencies or bullying for example.  [48]  Secondly, YOTs must concentrate on both the victim and offender. Where the community punishment is ineffective, the offender appears in court but the juveniles interests are at the heart of the process.  [49]  The other factor comprises of the monitoring order where checks are made to prevent re-offending, and also encourage attainment of goals. It is essential that such be actually followed through for reasons highlighted in this paper. However, history has taught us the opposite. In fact, the aftermath of Tony Blairs landslide victory did not prohibit the victimisation of vulnerable juveniles. Under Blairs government, the initial nine years created 3,023 criminal offences and these mostly were associated with regulating the youth.  [50]  Such an attitude is reflected with the positivist views enshrined in todays policy-making in support of crime control and policies promoting words like Zero Tolerance and Three Strikes. These openly conflict with the much-needed care of the welfare model. The main objective of introducing the Youth Justice System was to merge the justice and welfare models to tackle juvenile delinquency.  [51]  It aimed to understand juvenile offending and also punish the youth as adults, to offer protection to society. The equilibrium has not obviously been met and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of a Child was extremely concerned regarding the level of juvenile poverty in UK and described teen pregnancy and homelessness as its main concerns.  [52]  This highlights the inability of children to enjoy normal lifestyles and instead, resort to crime to fulfil basic requirements. It is necessary to primarily identify the youth as victims so that such issues can be addressed. In the YJB questionnaires for instance, 71% participants from college/school believe family members cared about them. Since they were questionnaires, interviewer bias was not relevant but this percentage is definitely an overrepresentation with children being inclin ed to answer positively. At least 29% were overtly not feeling protected; this is detrimental and needs to be recognised. Also when asked whether they stay away from home without asking,  [53]  73% denied this similarly another overrepresentation. Case Study: Joseph Scholes Overall, local authorities across the country are failing to provide proper assessments and care plans for vulnerable children.  [54]  This was seen in the Joseph Scholes case. Said to be well-mannered yet vulnerable by social workers, Scholes resided with mother Yvonne after a custody dispute.  [55]  Scholes had also experienced sexual abuse from an early age and this transformed into self-harming. After being handed into care, Scholes would go out and get drunk with friends. On one occasion, an assault and a theft of a mobile occurred. Despite being a spectator, Scholes was arrested since he was look[ing] after the stolen phone.  [56]  Scholes became tensed and inflicted self-harm by slitting furiously his face using knives. Scholes difficulties were discussed and all relevant documents were presented by psychiatrists, social workers and YOTs, which proposed non-custodial sentencing owing to Scholes suicidal tendency.  [57]  The problem however was that the defendan t pleaded guilty even though he was innocent to all intent and purpose.  [58]  The judge stressed his inability to depart from Lord Woolf s standpoint that every street robbery must receive immediate custodial sentencing.  [59]  He received a two-year custodial sentence.  [60]  Furthermore, a deficit in placements compelled the Board to situate Scholes at Stoke Heath Youth Offending Institution, where he needed care but only received a piece to cover his stripped body. After being shifted to the Health Care Wing, Scholes was found dead hanging from the window bars just nine days into his punishment. The observance of stringent rules has proved detrimental again. Research by Ofsted identified fifty cases where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦professionals [failed] to see the situation from the childs perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to see and speak to the children; to listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to observeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to take serious account of their viewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ supporting their needs is probably the single most consistent failure in safeguarding work with children.  [61]   Conclusion Following the critical analysis of the assertion, it is obvious that the youth are largely seen as perpetrators of crime. The consideration towards the idea that the youth can be victimised is required in contemporary society to ensure the individual is protected as seen in the Buffer Model examined by Armstrong et al (2005). This paper relied upon the controversial debate surrounding the justice and welfare models. The author supports the view that the justice system should be relaxed to the point where the welfare model can be most effective. After all, an association found upon trust and care with individual assistance is much more economical and successful than imprisoning mentally scarred juveniles away from their lives. Framing individuals creates stereotypes, which promote negatively shaped identities.  [62]  This can be disadvantageous to offenders and ultimately disorders society further. Every case needs to be viewed as different from one another and, where victimisati on of the offender is recognisable, it must be identified and treated. Also, external factors, such as the media, should not be allowed to influence. It is only then the problems from a custodial sentence can be avoided and most importantly, the welfare model can function at its best. Realistically however, although there is a much greater need to consider the youth as victims, the use of children as suitable vehicles to meet political plans makes it highly unlikely for such recognition in todays society.

Investigation of Tetracycline Antibacterial Activities

Investigation of Tetracycline Antibacterial Activities NOR FAEZAH BINTI ROSMIDI   Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria, which discovered and named after Theodor Escherichia and belong to Enterobacteriaceae family. E. coli is classified as same group as other bacterial such as Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdoferi, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori and many more species that are well known in medical world. E. coli infection can be found all over the world and more common in tropical country. This infection especially can be transmitted through diet because the infections are mainly due to contaminated food. Thus, this infection can be called as food-borned disease. An individual can get infected when consumed foods that are contaminated with dirt. However, not every individual that consumed contaminated food can get the infection. This is because, there are certain criteria to be fulfilled. Firstly, there must be source of infection, which means, E. coli must present in the food. Then, the individual is eating food contaminated with pathogen, as the main route of infection is through orofecal. Lastly, the bodys immune system cannot get rid of the pathogen, which eventually causing disease. This study is conducted to isolate, characterize and evaluate antimicrobial activities of E. coli in media and milk. A total of 3 sample is collected from the stock culture and labelled as EY1, E27 and E31. Isolation is made on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and identified by using gram staining under microscope. To check for the antimicrobial activities, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time kill assay are done. Results reveals that the MIC value for E. coli is 128 and MBC value is 1024. Time-kill assay curve disclose that the reaction of tetracycline to the bacteria in media and milk slightly different but yet, able to achieve bactericidal effect of the drug. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is predominantly due to the effects of infection by bacterial pathogens, although mycotic or algal microbes play a role in some cases (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016b). There are many factors that influence the development of mastitis including microbial, host and environmental (Contreras Rodrà ­guez, 2011). Any opportunistic microbes that can invade tissue and causing infection can lead to mastitis. The pathogen that use this transmission mode are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Corynebacterium bovis. They may spread from cattle to another cattle through aerosol transmission and invade the udder causing bacteremia. There is other route of infection, which is through the environment of the cattle. The pathogens that associated with environmental reservoirs are Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a)       Post-milking teat dipping, dry cow therapy, well-maintained milking equipment, and culling of cows with chronic mastitis have successfully controlled contagious mastitis bacteria such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus (Makovec Ruegg, 2003). Milk samples collected from cows on Wisconsin dairy farms clearly demonstrated that environmental bacteria are the most common causes of clinical mastitis. (Pamela L. Ruegg, 2015) Once inside the udder, E. coli multiply rapidly, causing influx of the inflammatory cells. As neutrophils ingest and kill bacteria, endotoxin is released and along with other inflammatory mediators causes severe local inflammation. This inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability, changes in milk composition and damage to the mammary epithelial cells, which may result in the characteristic watery or serous milk secretion. The treatment for mastitis include administration of antimicrobial via the intramammary route or parentally (Gruet, Maincent, Berthelot, Kaltsatos, 2001). Unfortunately, despite the best possible antimicrobial treatments, failures of bacteriological cure are common, especially for S. aureus mastitis, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the reasons for low cure rates (Candrasekaran et al., 2014). There are other reasons, which are the management and iatrogenic factors, drug factors, mastitis-causing organism factors and also mammary gland factor. However, the major reason is the insufficient contact of the antimicrobial with the mastitis-causing organisms at the site of infection is a major cause of mastitis treatment failure (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2007). Some bacteria such as S. aureus can localize inside host cells thus restrict the concentration of drug in the cells. E. coli can form biofilms, a condition where the microorganisms structured within an array of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and adhering to a living or inert surface with the function of protecting the microorganisms in stress environments (Costa, Espeschit, Pieri, Benjamin, Moreira, 2014). The sessile cells arranged in biofilms tend to be more resistant to antimicrobial therapy compared with plantonic free cells, due to the slow diffusion of the antimicrobial in the inner layers of the biofilm (Costa et al., 2014). Also, to be effective, drugs need to be free and not inhibited by other components. Some drug may have high affinity binding towards protein. Thus, some component in the milk, for example, casein, may bind to the antibiotic and reduce the free the drugs in the udder. In the case of S. aureus infections during lactation, it has been estimated that the bacteriological cure rate is only within 25% to 50% only (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2015). 1.2 Problem Statement Escherichia coli is one of the major cause of mastitis development. Based on the research done in Wisconsin dairy farm, 21% of the mastitis case result from the E. coli infection. Despite of all the treatment given, the therapy has not been successful. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activities of Tetracycline against E. coli from clinical mastitis in growth media and milk. 1.3 Research Questions This study is designed to answer either tetracycline can demonstrate equivalent antimicrobial efficacy against E.coli in growth medium and in milk? 1.4 Research Hypotheses This study is constructed to answer the hypothesis, either tetracycline demonstrates equivalent antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli in growth medium and milk. 1.5 Research Objectives This study is conducted to achieve a set of following objectives :- To determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coli To determine minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coli To perform time kill assay of Enrofloxacin against E. coli 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of mastitis Mastitis is swelling of the mammary gland that frequently caused by bacteria ingoing the teat canal and moving up to the udder and there are two types of mastitis, which are contagious mastitis and also environmental mastitis (Dairy Australia, 2007). Contagious or cow-associated mastitis generally related to the bacterial infection that causing disease, which are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae (Dairy Australia, 2007). The bacteria present in the udders or on teat skin and spread either by splashes of disease-ridden milk or sprays during stripping on milkers hands or teatcup liners and by cross flow of milk between teatcups (Dairy Australia, 2007). Meanwhile environmental mastitis occur when the bedding which used to house the cattle is contaminated (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a). It is not only concern on the bedding of the cattle, the infected soil, manure, calving pads and water host bacteria can also causing this disease to developed (Dairy Australia, 2007). Mastitis come in two forms, which are subclinical and clinical, however, subclinical form is rare to be find (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a). 2.1  Escherichia coli Escherichia coli is no longer bizarre in our communities. This Enterobacteriaceae is a Gram-negative bacteria. It cannot sporulate and can be found commonly in the intestine. This bacteria have a characteristic of glucose fermenting, acid producing, nitrate reducing and oxidase negative. It also have facultative anaerobic characteristic which can grow easily at 37 °C. Physically, E. coli is small in size, approximately 1-2  µ x 30-30  µ, with flagella. It has no capsule and also no mucus layer. There are several antigen structures that play an important role for the identification of this bacteria, which are K antigen, H antigens and O antigen. K antigen can be found in the capsules, a compound in the group of polysaccharide. H antigen can be found in flagella and O antigen can be found in the cells or the body as it is a substance in the group of lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide (Wiwanitkit, 2011). Despite the fact that most of E. coli are harmless and beneficial, there are species that have the ability to cause disease, and they are divided into groups according to the mechanism of pathogenesis. The groups are enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). EHEC is a group that can cause haemorrhagic colitis and can end up with a specific complication called uremia haemolytic syndrome. EIEC or also known as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) causes diarrhea. ETEC is a major cause of travelers diarrhea and diarrhea in group of infants in developing countries. E. coli toxic products from the gut causes problems to the patients body. EPEC is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and EAEC is a new pathogen (Wiwanitkit, 2011). 2.2 Mastitis Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue, and is a major endemic disease of dairy cattle. It commonly occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of the teat canal by variety of bacterial sources present on the farm, and can also occur as a result of chemical, mechanical or thermal injury to the cows udder (AHDB Dairy, 2017). 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Samples collection This study is conducted in laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in University Malaysia Kelantan. The bacteria sample, which is Escherichia coli is isolated from the stock samples of the laboratory. There are three samples, which are EY1, E27 and E31. 3.2 Samples preparation The samples are cultured on the nutrient agar for 18 to 24 hours at 37 °C. 3.3 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli The bacterial colony on the nutrient agar is then cultured on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and gram staining is done. 3.4 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are determined using the broth micro dilution method. A range concentrations of antimicrobial is prepared in a 96 well microplate, followed by inoculation of bacteria culture to yield approximately 5105 cfu/ml in a 250ÃŽÂ ¼ final volume. The plate is then incubated in 37 °C for 18 hours. The lowest concentration of antimicrobial that inhibit bacterial growth is taken as MIC value. 3.5 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration The dilution representing the MIC are aliquot volume of the broth and spot onto Nutrient agar. The agar is then incubated 18 hours with 37 °C. No growth indicate that antibiotic is bactericidal at that concentration. If there is present growth indicative that antibiotic work as antibiotic only particularly on the dilution. 3.6 Time Kill Assay Tube containing designated concentration of antimicrobial will be inoculated with 105 cfu/ml of bacteria in Nutrient agar, followed by incubation at 37 °C, in an incubator shaker at 200 rpm. At 0, 1, 4, 24 hour post inoculation, 50 µ aliquots will be taken out, serially diluted in saline and plated on Nutrient agar. Plates will be incubated for 18 hours at 37 °C followed by colony counting. An antimicrobial is considered bactericidal if there is †°Ã‚ ¥3-log decrease in cfu/ml of bacteria counts, as compared to the growth control.      Ã‚   4.0 RESULTS 4.1 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli Colony of E. coli on EMB agar is small to medium circle in size and shape, with dark green and glossy, raised and polish appearance. 4.4 Time Kill Assay SAMPLE EY1 (x103) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 110 120 135 150 1X MIC 42 11 21 110 2X MIC 26 42 26 0 5X MIC 20 12 11 0 15X MIC 13 13 1 0 MILK CONTROL 123 135 141 156 1X MIC 46 35 173 110 2X MIC 46 26 11 100 5X MIC 32 14 8 0 15X MIC 37 13 4 0 Table 1 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample EY1 in x103 SAMPLE EY1 (x106) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 5.5 6.0 6.75 7.5 1X MIC 2.1 0.55 1.05 5.5 2X MIC 1.3 2.1 1.3 0 5X MIC 1.0 0.6 0.55 0 15X MIC 0.65 0.65 0.05 0 MILK CONTROL 6.15 6.75 7.05 7.8 1X MIC 2.3 1.75 8.65 5.5 2X MIC 2.3 1.3 0.55 5.0 5X MIC 1.6 0.7 0.4 0 15X MIC 1.85 0.65 0.2 0 Table 2 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample EY1 in x106 Figure 3 : Time-kill curve for E. coli (EY1) against Tetracycline on media and milk SAMPLE E27 (x103) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 113 126 141 154 1X MIC 64 29 49 111 2X MIC 58 35 18 10 5X MIC 42 22 2 0 15X MIC 30 11 1 0 MILK CONTROL 127 139 145 161 1X MIC 48 36 180 100 2X MIC 58 52 30 111 5X MIC 41 22 18 5 15X MIC 47 22 20 5 Table 3 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E27 in x103 SAMPLE E27 (x106) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 5.65 6.3 7.05 7.7 1X MIC 3.2 1.45 2.45 5.55 2X MIC 2.9 1.75 0.9 0.5 5X MIC 2.1 1.1 0.1 0 15X MIC 1.5 0.55 0.05 0 MILK CONTROL 6.35 6.95 7.25 8.05 1X MIC 2.4 1.8 9.0 5.0 2X MIC 2.9 2.6 1.5 5.55 5X MIC 2.05 1.1 0.9 0.25 15X MIC 2.35 1.1 1.0 0.25 Table 4 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E27 in x106 Figure 4 : Time-kill curve for E. coli (E27) against Tetracycline on media and milk SAMPLE E31 (x103) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 115 121 137 145 1X MIC 59 41 39 114 2X MIC 57 37 27 43 5X MIC 55 39 23 0 15X MIC 24 33 7 0 MILK CONTROL 121 140 149 165 1X MIC 56 40 180 108 2X MIC 71 50 45 116 5X MIC 51 26 12 102 15X MIC 58 25 13 0 Table 5 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x103   SAMPLE E31 (x106) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 5.75 6.05 6.85 7.25 1X MIC 2.95 2.05 1.95 5.7 2X MIC 2.85 1.85 1.35 2.15 5X MIC 2.75 1.95 1.15 0 15X MIC 1.2 1.65 0.35 0 MILK CONTROL 6.05 7.0 7.45 8.25 1X MIC 2.8 2.0 9.0 5.4 2X MIC 3.55 2.5 2.25 5.8 5X MIC 2.55 1.3 0.6 5.1 15X MIC 2.9 1.25 0.65 0 Table 6 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x106       Figure 5 : Time-kill curve for E. coli (E31) against Tetracycline on media and milk

Multiple Personality Disorders Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Multiple Personality Disorders†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes people undergo traumatic experiences in their lives that are either physical or mental and maybe even a combination of both. If the experience was so intense, and so horrible, that the mind didn’t want to remember it, or possibly didn’t know how to deal or cope with it, then that one experience has the power to split a person’s mind into â€Å"another personality†. If this happens, the other personality or personalities come out when a person who has MPD (Multiple Personality Disorder) is put in a situation that he/she doesn’t know how to handle or feels that the other personality can handle it better. People suffering from MPD also have the risk of developing some symptoms of MPD that include fugue and amnesia. Fugue is the loss of identity in which the person suffering from fugue would not know who they are, who their family and friends are, where they worked, etc. Amnesia is a temporary loss of memory. If a person ex periences amnesia they are not going to remember a specific event or experience in their life. People with amnesia know who they are but do not know of a traumatic event that happened in their life. If someone has MPD then fugue and/or amnesia are most likely present as well. I will be writing brief descriptions of a few people who suffer from multiple personality disorder. Gretchen, John, Barb, and Beth plus are all people diagnosed with MPD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gretchen is a thirty-four year old woman and has been diagnosed with multiple personality disorder. Gretchen has three personalities, one is her, another is called â€Å"Myself†, and the third personality is â€Å"Enigma†. â€Å"Myself† concentrates better, and she comes out when Gretchen is having a bad day. She deals with Gretchens problems better then Gretchen can. â€Å"Myself† makes attempts to kill Gretchen. She cuts herself repeatedly and doesn’t know why. â€Å"Myself† also relives the abuse that was done to Gretchen as a child. â€Å"Enigma† is the evil personality. She doesn’t come out very much but when she does, she physically abuses herself, and tries to commit suicide to kill all the personalities. â€Å"Enigma† reminds me of the Exorcist because her voice is different, and the things she talks about is sadistic and evil. Gretchen has no conscious awareness of what is going on when the ot her personalities are out. She k... ...ear old girl and was the first multiple to appear to the therapist. â€Å"Janet† comes out to drive. â€Å"Carol† comes out to grocery shop. â€Å"Mary† is the financial keeper. â€Å"Skeptic† claims that Beth is a liar and is acting everything. â€Å"Yardwoman† takes care of the yard. Beth once caused her family to be $6,000 in debt because all her personalities had a combined seventeen credit cards and ran them up. Beth was abused and raped from age ten until the age fourteen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple Personality Disorder is a serious and real condition that is basically present in people who have gone through some kind of abuse or traumatic experience. So far MPD is not known as hereditary. There is no true explanation for multiple personality disorder but its accepted as a condition. Multiple personalities have not only been proved as dangerous and hazardous to surroundings, but its also the mystery of every psychologist and therapist. Many people devote their lives to unlock the secret of MPD and they try and unlock the â€Å"locked† memories in MPD patients minds. Multiple personality disorder has and continues to boggle the minds of psychologist everywhere and is still unexplainable.

AIDS - Women Die Sooner than Men :: Science Health Diseases Essays

AIDS - Women Die Sooner than Men Given the varying types of gender-specific opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS such as cervical cancer, there is reason to believe that the biological progression of HIV/AIDS is different in women and men. Still, there is no conclusive evidence in support of the hypothesis that the progression of HIV/AIDS is more accelerated in women than it is in men. Regardless, the fact that women infected with HIV/AIDS become sicker faster and die sooner than men can be entirely attributable to social factors that do not depend on the scientific details of the HIV virus. Two social factors primarily responsible for the rapid demise of HIV-positive women in the United States are the mis- and under-representation of women in the national AIDS discourse and the disproportionate number of woman living in poverty. From the moment AIDS first appeared in the United States as "Gay-Related Immuno Deficiency", women (among others) were left out the national AIDS dialogue. Even though the first case of HIV/AIDS infection in an African-American woman was reported in 1982 (Goldstein 114), the general public believed for the most part of the 1980s that women would remain unaffected by the epidemic. Since then, women have been slowly incorporated into the national AIDS debate, albeit in a very limited and qualified manner. In her essay, "Seeing AIDS: Race, Gender, and Representation," Evelynn Hammonds recognizes an array of contemporary AIDS narratives depicting different female stereotypes, but contends that the majority of African-American women are not identifying with these narratives. In a study on commercial street sex workers, Kim Blankenship shows how such non-identification with an at-risk population can lead to a false sense of security while engaging in risky behaviors and can ultimately lead to a late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. This is particularly problematic for African-Americans, who will account for 64% of new infections among women in the year 2002 according to the Center for Disease Control but do not "see" themselves as being affected by the epidemic. Consequently, African-Americans women will be diagnosed later in the progression of HIV/AIDS than men, the vast majority of whom identify themselves either with the at-risk population of men who have sex with men or with that of intravenous drug users (IDU). These women will therefore become sicker faster and die sooner. Another mis-representation of women in the AIDS epidemic that contributes to the speedy progression of HIV/AIDS in females is the characterization of women as "vectors" of transmission.

Regulation of Conception in Moores How Essay -- Moore How

Regulation of Conception in Moore's How  Ã‚      Lorrie Moore's "How" takes an active stand on love and relationships.   It strongly and clearly rests on the values and ideas that our society holds on the concepts of partnership among a man and woman.   Moore formatted the narrative in such a way that it commands the reader's dependency upon the author's words, makes inevitable foreshadow, and specifically directs our views into the story.   By using the cultural analysis, one will find ways and evidence that assisted Moore in successfully achieving these previously listed.   Those aspects that will be covered include the exterior and interior structure of the narrative, how it sets our views and expectations of the aspects of love and relationships, how that potentially influences our personal thoughts, goals, and actions, how the narrative changes focus, perception, and sympathy on each character, and how the author used allusion to help the reader create visualization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "How," the title itself has the reader to automatically look into the story line for information and insight instead of entertainment.   This alone, gives the author the upperhand and ability to feed her ideas into our own.   Like other "how to" texts, off hand, the writer is looked to with much creditability which in turn causes us to absorb and believe more of its context.   Furthermore, "How" is written in a step by step pattern where each thought, action, and time frame is easy to follow and understand.   Moore also uses the word "will" often to state a command.   Within the narrative, Moore states and describes the progression and passage of time.   The events that take place in a relationship are foreshadowed and an inevitability is portrayed.   Also, t... ...ions were relevant to either actual singers, actors, music, or musicals.   Moore made several reference to the violin (991). The violin is closely associated with death.   Theses allusions were made with the female character's fantasies of a funeral and nightmares of her own downfall. Other allusions made were that of Dorothy (992) in the "Wizard of Oz," James Cagney (988 and 991), Ozzie and Harriet (987), Hank Williams (993), Coriolanus (988), and Robert Goulet (989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "How" is a powerful piece in its ability to catch its reader and directly challenge or influence their ideas.   The format commanded, foreshadowed, and focused on many aspects of love and relationships. Moore specifically directed our attention throughout the narrative.   However, she ended with some freedom for the reader to make their own conclusion and develop their own opinions of the text. Regulation of Conception in Moore's How Essay -- Moore How Regulation of Conception in Moore's How  Ã‚      Lorrie Moore's "How" takes an active stand on love and relationships.   It strongly and clearly rests on the values and ideas that our society holds on the concepts of partnership among a man and woman.   Moore formatted the narrative in such a way that it commands the reader's dependency upon the author's words, makes inevitable foreshadow, and specifically directs our views into the story.   By using the cultural analysis, one will find ways and evidence that assisted Moore in successfully achieving these previously listed.   Those aspects that will be covered include the exterior and interior structure of the narrative, how it sets our views and expectations of the aspects of love and relationships, how that potentially influences our personal thoughts, goals, and actions, how the narrative changes focus, perception, and sympathy on each character, and how the author used allusion to help the reader create visualization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "How," the title itself has the reader to automatically look into the story line for information and insight instead of entertainment.   This alone, gives the author the upperhand and ability to feed her ideas into our own.   Like other "how to" texts, off hand, the writer is looked to with much creditability which in turn causes us to absorb and believe more of its context.   Furthermore, "How" is written in a step by step pattern where each thought, action, and time frame is easy to follow and understand.   Moore also uses the word "will" often to state a command.   Within the narrative, Moore states and describes the progression and passage of time.   The events that take place in a relationship are foreshadowed and an inevitability is portrayed.   Also, t... ...ions were relevant to either actual singers, actors, music, or musicals.   Moore made several reference to the violin (991). The violin is closely associated with death.   Theses allusions were made with the female character's fantasies of a funeral and nightmares of her own downfall. Other allusions made were that of Dorothy (992) in the "Wizard of Oz," James Cagney (988 and 991), Ozzie and Harriet (987), Hank Williams (993), Coriolanus (988), and Robert Goulet (989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "How" is a powerful piece in its ability to catch its reader and directly challenge or influence their ideas.   The format commanded, foreshadowed, and focused on many aspects of love and relationships. Moore specifically directed our attention throughout the narrative.   However, she ended with some freedom for the reader to make their own conclusion and develop their own opinions of the text.

Carpe Diem Essay

Seizing the twenty-four hours has a profound significance behind it. in Latin it is known as Carpe Diem. Carpe Diem refers to holding no fright to make something. taking opportunities and hazards. In the film â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† a character named Knox has a crush on a miss. while she was already dating another cat. Knox was seeking to prehend the twenty-four hours by seeking to pass clip with her. There are many more illustrations of carpe diem in this exceeding film. but this I feel is the most pertinent. Many of the verse forms that we read in category were besides related to the unrecorded life like it is the last. The film and the other verse forms are cardinal in explicating what carpe diem truly means. â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† is a great illustration of prehending the twenty-four hours. Knox taking hazards. inquiring a football player’s girlfriend on a day of the month shows that he has no fright. He had no fright of the effects that would likely happen if he was of all time caught. In another illustration of the film. a character Neil defied his male parent by traveling into moving. Neil’s father told him that he did non desire Neil to travel into moving. and go a physician. Neil went against his male parent. and was the lead in a drama. Neil seized the twenty-four hours by making the drama. and hope that his male parent would happen forgiveness in him. These illustrations from â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† are great illustrations of what carpe diem signifies. Another illustration of carpe diem is the great figure of verse forms that we read in category. These verse forms besides stated the same as the film and that was to unrecorded life to the fullest every bit shortly as possible. The verse form such as â€Å"O captain. my captain† by Walt Whitman expressed carpe diem. which is why it was a major portion of the film â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† . This verse form was related to Lincoln and the civil war. about taking opportunities and to prehend the twenty-four hours. Other verse forms stressed that we are non on this Earth everlastingly and clip is traveling by fast. so now is the clip to prehend the twenty-four hours. Poems that we read stressed the significance of carpe diem. particularly the verse form by Walt Whitman. These illustrations of the verse forms that we read in category. and the illustrations that came out of the film are great illustrations of what prehending the twenty-four hours truly means. The illustration of Knox holding no fright whatsoever by dating another guy’s girlfriend. shows that he is taking opportunities and wants to prehend the twenty-four hours before it is excessively late. The verse form we read such as â€Å"o captain. my captain† besides show prehending the twenty-four hours as good. So overall carpe diem refers to make non wait until it is excessively late. if there is an ch ance take it and prehend twenty-four hours no affair what the hazards or effects.

Global warming speech Essay

INTRODUCTION The negative effects of global warming are slowly ruining the environment we live in. In a few decades, it is possible our Earth will be very uncomfortable to live on. I have researched the issues of global warming and have found out as much as I possibly can in order to deliver an informative speech about global warming. Global warming is an extremely important topic to me, because knowing what the negative effects of global warming are and what can be done to help solve those effects, our environment can stay safe and protected, and clearly the environment is one of the most essential parts of our daily lives. There is a significant amount of negative effects for the environment and for human life due to global warming. Global warming affects each and every one of us. We should all be concerned with what is happening to our planet. TRANSITION: We will be more inclined to help reduce the effects of global warming if we understand what these effects are†¦ 1.) Rising temperatures are more dangerous for certain areas over other areas. 2.) The rising temperatures are causing changes in our precipitation. 3.) Over time, global warming will worsen and cause more problems for us, as well as our future generations. SPEECH BODY I. The main and most detrimental effect of global warming is the increase in the global average temperature. A. In the past 100 years the Earth’s global average temperature rose by 0.98 to 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit. 1. This rise in temperature has been confirmed by at least 20 scientific communities. a. This includes all of the national academies of science of the G8 states. b. G8 is the world’s most industrialized nations working to stop the increase in global average temperature. 2. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control concludes that the increase in temperature is due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, also known as the greenhouse effect. a. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control has also concluded that the global temperatures will rise by 2 to 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. TRANSITION: With the global average temperatures raising so much in quite a short period of time, we must be prepared for what the causes of this rise may be if there is no solution to global warming. II. The rising of the average global temperatures is extremely dangerous for those of us who live near places of frequent drought, flooding, and places of poverty. A. One effect of global warming is the reduction of summer streams flow. 1. This can be a problem in areas of frequent drought, with reduced flow of water, drought will become more frequent. B. There is also rising sea levels because of the melting of glaciers and ice masses. 1. For areas near bodies of water, this can become a major problem. There will be more flooding due to the sea levels rising over the norm. C. Another effect of global warming is more intense weather events, agricultural yields, and an increase in the ranges of disease. 1. Most of these effects will become a problem for areas of poverty. Areas of poverty will not have the shelter or tools necessary to help protect themselves against these damaging effects of global warming. TRANSITION: The rising global average temperature of global warming is the main cause for many of the effects that global warming is having on our environment and our species. III. The rising temperatures caused by global warming are changing precipitation patterns. A. The change in precipitation will play a major role in the Earth’s climate. 1. The change in climate will have lasting impacts on the people living and dealing with the climate. 2. The Earth may become a very uncomfortable place to live in the upcoming decades, with increased precipitation and harsh weather. TRANSITION: There are many other effects of global warming, I have only named a few, the few that I feel will affect us in our own lifetimes. CONCLUSION: However, as global warming continues to become more pronounced and temperatures continue to rise, the negative effects on our environment will become more and more of a problem to us and to our future generations.