The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Criminology Essay

The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Criminology Essay Critically analyse the assertion that; Young people are framed as perpetrators, but rarely considered as victims, and it is the latter that is needed. tABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The twentieth anniversary of James Bulgers death was observed on 12th February 2013. The kidnapping from a shopping mall in Bootle (Merseyside), and murdering of the two-year-old, established an entirely fresh precedent on the way in which juveniles are treated within the Criminal Justice System.  [1]  Due to the following moral panic, the case received too much public intention, which converted into a movement that commanded Robert Thompson and Jon Venables to be imprisoned forever.  [2]  This provided justification to the policy changes, which quickly assisted in reducing the age of criminal accountability to ten. The possibility that children could be victims themselves was disregarded. This essay will demonstrate the role of the media and the justice model in framing the youth in categories that assist in promoting popular thinking regarding a delinquent through prevailing social values, attitudes, and beliefsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[that] change slowly over time andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reshape what people think and believe.  [3]  In essence, the youth are used as suitable vehicles to meet political agenda. This is detrimental to society, as it does not conform to the needs of the victimised delinquent. This paper contains, in this regard, an evaluation of the debates around the justice and welfare models, and highlights the urge to develop the latter. The concluding section will state how the politicisation of crime develops a punitive justice system that redefines the youth as the new folk devils. It sees them as perpetrators and not victims. There is a strong need to increasingly consider the youth as victims, as it is only then the benefits of such a welfare model can be experienced. The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Debatably, the publics response towards deteriorating social order permits the introduction of more punitive measures by political parties and policy-makers. This would aid constructing public opinion so that the enforced regulations are justified and legitimised in controlling crime. Such is not a new occurrence. Cohen, in 1964, studied the moral hysteria created by the Mods and Rockers,  [4]  the shaping of the young black mugger in the 1970s was researched by Hall,  [5]  the 1980s focused upon the punks, the hoodies emerged in the nineties and the new millennium exposed gang lifestyles.  [6]  Nonetheless, Smith and Seudas study involved a postmodernist perspective of the Bulger case, which they view as incomparable.  [7]  The fact that Bulger was murdered by Boy A and Boy B (both aged ten and not adults) fuelled the country with hate to a level that Britain was seen striving for the blood of Thompson and Venables.  [8]  Through negative broadcasting, the media relentlessly sought to further demonise the boys. The media maintained the nations hatred and even influenced the removal of the injunction against naming the boys publicly. The murderers were never promoted as victims themselves. In fact, it became obvious that framing Thompson and Venables was indefinitely an instrument to negate the boys so governmental agendas are met. Being depicted as evil killers of a cute child, both boys confronted masses outside the courts that taunted to hang them.  [9]  The entire focus was on the devastation caused and this justified lowering the criminal responsibility age. Individuals under fourteen were no longer considered to be doli incapax or unable to commit crime.  [10]  Before criticising the medias involvement, it is important to note that framing is not regarded as what the media covers but rather the way in which it does.  [11]  Morrison highlights how the media elicit[ed] public sympathy by, for example, describing the victim as little Jamie.  [12]  Such evidently influenced Justice Morland in sentencing the offenders to the compulsory eight years; equivalent to the undefined sentence under secti on 53(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. The Judge viewed the crime as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cunning and very wicked and worthy of being imprisoned for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦very, very many years until maturation. Reflecting ideas of right realists (like American neo-conservative JQ Wilson), which view offenders as rational beings wilfully engaging in criminal behaviour, this ideology has gradually affected policy-making. It is incorrect to generalise children as it is certain that the age of maturity varies.  [13]  Also, the judges condition of being detained until you have matured emphasises the view that it is criminal not to have matured by ten. The judge can be regarded as being affected by external reactions. Each case should be decided on its merit, and equal attention should be given to punishing the crime and also dealing with the causes. The latter reflects the need to realise the perpetrators as victims suffering themselves. It is this welfare system that would provide economic and social security to individuals. Punishing the crime does not solve the problem as reoffending statistics highlight,  [14]  but rather the causes of crime should be eradicated. The judge, in the Bulger case, believed that eight years was very, very many years for a ten year old.  [15]  However four weeks later, Lord Chief Justice, Lord Taylor of Gosforth wanted to extend it to ten years so it would act as a deterrent. Nonetheless, such would again fall short of the authors argument that queries how a young mentally disturbed immature person could weigh up the consequence of his actions in such circumstances. It is not, for one second, being suggested to forgive murderers, but rather the state should recognise them also as victims and act to prevent future generations from suffering to the extent where they see such violent acts as rational. From a neutral perspective, it is apparent that the framing process provides a carte blanche to policy-makers to increase punishments and satisfy the communitys punitive urge. The Home Secretary, Michael Howard, was equipped with thousands of cuttings from the Suns movement steered by Bulgers parents to extend the se ntencing to whole life. In 1994, Howard increased it to fifteen years to calm the apprehensive public.  [16]  Such a move prohibited the recognition of the perpetrators as victims. It is evident that the victims family were stressed and wanted revenge, but if this request is completely adhered to by the state, this would detract completely from the welfare model and what is left is a system of solely crime and punishment. This is not a preventive model and would be ineffective in tackling problems faced by young offenders. Such has been supported by the English Court of Appeal  [17]  and the majority in the House of Lords,  [18]  who banned the ability of policymakers in deciding sentencing. Furthermore in T v UK and V v UK,  [19]  the European Court of Human Rights rightly recognised the unfair trial that resulted from the negative public opinion injected by the media. Lord Woolf cancelled the increased sentence and viewed the YOIs as too harsh. The boys were releas ed with new identities after serving the original eight years. James Bulgers mother warned the public to watch out for any unknown eighteen year olds residing in their area and advised that [t]hey got away with murder[and to] do what you can to get them out because theyre still dangerous. I know theyll kill again.  [20]  Being allowed to make defamatory assertions illustrates the framing process to be intact. Also, there was clearly no appreciation of the work in rehabilitating the offenders so they are not seen as a threat in community.  [21]  However, if it was given attention in the press then this, consequently, would have offended the victims family.  [22]  This is irrational. It is important to promote, to a certain extent, such rehabilitation work so it can educate the nation as to risks associated with disadvantaged children. This obviously will lower crime rates in the long run as crime-inducing factors would be dealt with; this is why Morrison argues the illogi cality by questioning whether its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦possible to imagine a place where the rehabilitation of lost and damaged children would be a matter for celebration, not outrage? However, too much attention would prove harmful, as this would promote a lenient criminal justice model catering to reform the young. Convinced to be looked after, immature individuals would commit crime. To be effective, the system employed should advertise both the stringent sentencing powers along with the welfare measures. But obviously, it is necessary for offenders to be classified as victims first. The Norwegian Example Outlining the James Bulger case was not simply due to its significance to present-day English and Welsh penal policy, but moreover to compare it with how other nations deal with the issue. Soon after, there was another murder that resembled the Bulger case.  [23]  Here, a six-year-old boy, along with two boys aged five, murdered five-year-old girl called Siljie.  [24]  Nonetheless even though she lost her daughter, the mother forgave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the ones who killedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is not possible to hate small children. They cant understand the consequences.  [25]  The offenders returned to normal schooling within two weeks and identities continue to be confidential.  [26]  They were not punished strictly but were initially seen by psychologists and welfare specialists. Obviously, the individuals were confronted with hardship but rather à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦care, support, guidance and counselling was encouraged.  [27]  Such was not overtly welcomed in the Bulger ca se. A welfare model operated in Norway. Many scholars began to query the way in which one society strives towards the whole life punishment, whilst another favours implanting offenders back into their normal lives and hoping they will recover from events as if they were victimised.  [28]  29Both these approaches represent the two extremes of the spectrum. Norway is seen as soft on crime whereas embracing the harsh method of England and Wales would be disadvantageous in understanding crime. A hybrid adoption would serve well; whereby deserving punishment is given and also the offenders are recognised, overtly and impartially, as victims so society can be cured and not merely punished. Political Platform The right realist policies are far greater retributory in nature than those of other EU States.  [30]  31A political economy has an impact upon the methods of framing certain individuals not least to imprison them in the assurance of a present societal unanimity that would not query it. A platform was offered to Tony Blair who manipulated Bulgers death to attack the Conservative reign, which Marxism stated catered the desires of the elite.  [32]  As elections approached, Thatcher demanded the removal of anarchy and violence from society. After Bulger, Blair was also seen asserting there to be somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ very sick at the heart of our society.  [33]  These statements are evidences of the use of juvenile crime to reach governmental agendas.  [34]  Furthermore, it also enables the introduction of more crime control methods that, along with attracting voters to political manifestos, moves away from the model of due process.  [35]  The focus is on punishin g crime rather than ultimately understanding it. It shifts towards a model that fails to recognise criminals as individuals with rights, and even a history of victimisation themselves. The UKs Attempts To Go Welfare There have been rare instances where attention has been given to juvenile delinquents, as hinted in the title. Immediately after Bulgers death, Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke proposed reforms that established new YOIs to support twelve to fourteen year-olds. These ran parallel with retributive programmes.  [36]  Although this depicts the justice methodology, the Bulger case did eventually query parental duties, increased state intervention and rehabilitation schemes within the framework of YOTs; diverting offenders from custodial sentencing to reparation with the sufferer and alternatively face community punishments. All questions were soon answered by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Nonetheless, the guidelines included have differing impacts on the procedures adopted by welfare performers as opposed to those of the justice approach. The year 1998 also introduced policies such as ASBOs, Parenting Orders, Dispersal Orders, Behaviour Agreements, Detention and Curfews.  [37]  Ho wever, despite being introduced to support them, the policies rather went on to adversely affect those appearing before the developing YOTs.  [38]  This is correct where multi-agency policies are intrinsic in programmes where society decides the juveniles consequence. Nonetheless when based upon evidence from quantitative research, there are problems since it claims that actors should closely follow procedures that are known to be successful. As seen in Section 93 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, [w]here a person aged under 21 is convicted of murderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the court shall sentence him to custody for life unless he is liable to be detained under section 90 above. In the words of John Pitts, we are far too concerned with their deeds and uninterested in their needs.  [39]   Contrary to the view expressed in the title, there have been attempts to unite justice and welfare to generate a more caring yet regulating attitude. This supports the idea that even though the individual is responsible for his action, the system does acknowledge the victimisation of that delinquent. For example, the restorative justice model enabled offender victim mediations whereby the offender meets the sufferer, apologises, displays sorrow and advances towards reparation. Such encounters are done with a volunteer who would, assisted by a script, monitor the procedure into a reasonable conclusion.  [40]   This was a great move but gradually, right wing views were injected into community sanctions and, as it became associated with custodial punishments, this defeated the objective. The proposed multi-agency system was further disordered with bifurcating approaches of the actors; largely police officers who are bias towards the youth (especially those from black/ethnic minorities). Feilzer and Hood, who discovered African-Carribean juveniles as being disproportionately represented in the youth justice system, have supported this assertion.  [41]  This can be explained by Hall et al and their study into the framing of black youths in Handsworth (Birmingham).  [42]  The delinquency is dissimilar but the manner in which the media reacted, and policy amendments that followed, is largely comparable. Three black youths attacked a male in 1973 and such a street crime would result in a six months sentence. However, they were found for a new crime called mugging.  [43]  The media exa ggerated and labelled all black men as muggers. This helped justify (following the 2011 UK riots) strategies like stop and search and sus laws contained in Code A of PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) whereby, in absence of reasonable basis, black men could be stopped.  [44]  Here also, photos of the offenders, one aged sixteen and two aged fifteen, were all over tabloids. Eventually, the oldest received twenty years of imprisonment and ten years were given to the other two.  [45]  Ultimately, the framing of the individuals, who were accountable for a lesser crime, initiated riots that consequently helped justify the severe punishments, police conduct and discretion. This can develop into a vicious cycle and would result in harsher forms of punishment that are justified with more severe criminal movements. Such can be prevented through actually treating the causes of criminality by, as this paper argues, increasingly identifying youths as victims themselves. The so-called developments in law are a result of children being used (as suitable vehicles) to construct media exaggerations even though children murdering children is not a new phenomenon. This in turn questions why previous practices of criminal justice were overwritten by Bulger. It was to distract the viewer from considering the youth as victims. In the case, Justice Morland questioned how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦two mentally normal boys aged 10 of average intelligence committed this terrible crime is very hard to comprehend.  [46]  Its obvious. They were mentally unstable as they were victims of brutality. Although experts evaluated them to be mature enough for an adult trial, they were not. In Norway, they would have been impartially recognised as victims, treated and sent back into their normal lives. Norways intentional homicide rates are exceptionally low with a rate of 0.6, as opposed to UKs 1.2, per hundred thousand in 2009.  [47]  Norways focus on rehabilitation is surely effective as seen in its low crime rate. The UK needs to increasingly consider the youth today as victims. This, in the long run, will address UKs problem of rising criminal behaviour. It is essential to understand the victimisation of youth as this would display societal defects that need attention. The first of three ways in which steps can be taken to avert juveniles from criminal conduct is by using Asset; where risks and defending factors are analysed to estimate the needs and improve matters of schooling, parenting, deficiencies or bullying for example.  [48]  Secondly, YOTs must concentrate on both the victim and offender. Where the community punishment is ineffective, the offender appears in court but the juveniles interests are at the heart of the process.  [49]  The other factor comprises of the monitoring order where checks are made to prevent re-offending, and also encourage attainment of goals. It is essential that such be actually followed through for reasons highlighted in this paper. However, history has taught us the opposite. In fact, the aftermath of Tony Blairs landslide victory did not prohibit the victimisation of vulnerable juveniles. Under Blairs government, the initial nine years created 3,023 criminal offences and these mostly were associated with regulating the youth.  [50]  Such an attitude is reflected with the positivist views enshrined in todays policy-making in support of crime control and policies promoting words like Zero Tolerance and Three Strikes. These openly conflict with the much-needed care of the welfare model. The main objective of introducing the Youth Justice System was to merge the justice and welfare models to tackle juvenile delinquency.  [51]  It aimed to understand juvenile offending and also punish the youth as adults, to offer protection to society. The equilibrium has not obviously been met and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of a Child was extremely concerned regarding the level of juvenile poverty in UK and described teen pregnancy and homelessness as its main concerns.  [52]  This highlights the inability of children to enjoy normal lifestyles and instead, resort to crime to fulfil basic requirements. It is necessary to primarily identify the youth as victims so that such issues can be addressed. In the YJB questionnaires for instance, 71% participants from college/school believe family members cared about them. Since they were questionnaires, interviewer bias was not relevant but this percentage is definitely an overrepresentation with children being inclin ed to answer positively. At least 29% were overtly not feeling protected; this is detrimental and needs to be recognised. Also when asked whether they stay away from home without asking,  [53]  73% denied this similarly another overrepresentation. Case Study: Joseph Scholes Overall, local authorities across the country are failing to provide proper assessments and care plans for vulnerable children.  [54]  This was seen in the Joseph Scholes case. Said to be well-mannered yet vulnerable by social workers, Scholes resided with mother Yvonne after a custody dispute.  [55]  Scholes had also experienced sexual abuse from an early age and this transformed into self-harming. After being handed into care, Scholes would go out and get drunk with friends. On one occasion, an assault and a theft of a mobile occurred. Despite being a spectator, Scholes was arrested since he was look[ing] after the stolen phone.  [56]  Scholes became tensed and inflicted self-harm by slitting furiously his face using knives. Scholes difficulties were discussed and all relevant documents were presented by psychiatrists, social workers and YOTs, which proposed non-custodial sentencing owing to Scholes suicidal tendency.  [57]  The problem however was that the defendan t pleaded guilty even though he was innocent to all intent and purpose.  [58]  The judge stressed his inability to depart from Lord Woolf s standpoint that every street robbery must receive immediate custodial sentencing.  [59]  He received a two-year custodial sentence.  [60]  Furthermore, a deficit in placements compelled the Board to situate Scholes at Stoke Heath Youth Offending Institution, where he needed care but only received a piece to cover his stripped body. After being shifted to the Health Care Wing, Scholes was found dead hanging from the window bars just nine days into his punishment. The observance of stringent rules has proved detrimental again. Research by Ofsted identified fifty cases where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦professionals [failed] to see the situation from the childs perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to see and speak to the children; to listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to observeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to take serious account of their viewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ supporting their needs is probably the single most consistent failure in safeguarding work with children.  [61]   Conclusion Following the critical analysis of the assertion, it is obvious that the youth are largely seen as perpetrators of crime. The consideration towards the idea that the youth can be victimised is required in contemporary society to ensure the individual is protected as seen in the Buffer Model examined by Armstrong et al (2005). This paper relied upon the controversial debate surrounding the justice and welfare models. The author supports the view that the justice system should be relaxed to the point where the welfare model can be most effective. After all, an association found upon trust and care with individual assistance is much more economical and successful than imprisoning mentally scarred juveniles away from their lives. Framing individuals creates stereotypes, which promote negatively shaped identities.  [62]  This can be disadvantageous to offenders and ultimately disorders society further. Every case needs to be viewed as different from one another and, where victimisati on of the offender is recognisable, it must be identified and treated. Also, external factors, such as the media, should not be allowed to influence. It is only then the problems from a custodial sentence can be avoided and most importantly, the welfare model can function at its best. Realistically however, although there is a much greater need to consider the youth as victims, the use of children as suitable vehicles to meet political plans makes it highly unlikely for such recognition in todays society.

Investigation of Tetracycline Antibacterial Activities

Investigation of Tetracycline Antibacterial Activities NOR FAEZAH BINTI ROSMIDI   Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria, which discovered and named after Theodor Escherichia and belong to Enterobacteriaceae family. E. coli is classified as same group as other bacterial such as Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdoferi, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori and many more species that are well known in medical world. E. coli infection can be found all over the world and more common in tropical country. This infection especially can be transmitted through diet because the infections are mainly due to contaminated food. Thus, this infection can be called as food-borned disease. An individual can get infected when consumed foods that are contaminated with dirt. However, not every individual that consumed contaminated food can get the infection. This is because, there are certain criteria to be fulfilled. Firstly, there must be source of infection, which means, E. coli must present in the food. Then, the individual is eating food contaminated with pathogen, as the main route of infection is through orofecal. Lastly, the bodys immune system cannot get rid of the pathogen, which eventually causing disease. This study is conducted to isolate, characterize and evaluate antimicrobial activities of E. coli in media and milk. A total of 3 sample is collected from the stock culture and labelled as EY1, E27 and E31. Isolation is made on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and identified by using gram staining under microscope. To check for the antimicrobial activities, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time kill assay are done. Results reveals that the MIC value for E. coli is 128 and MBC value is 1024. Time-kill assay curve disclose that the reaction of tetracycline to the bacteria in media and milk slightly different but yet, able to achieve bactericidal effect of the drug. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is predominantly due to the effects of infection by bacterial pathogens, although mycotic or algal microbes play a role in some cases (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016b). There are many factors that influence the development of mastitis including microbial, host and environmental (Contreras Rodrà ­guez, 2011). Any opportunistic microbes that can invade tissue and causing infection can lead to mastitis. The pathogen that use this transmission mode are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Corynebacterium bovis. They may spread from cattle to another cattle through aerosol transmission and invade the udder causing bacteremia. There is other route of infection, which is through the environment of the cattle. The pathogens that associated with environmental reservoirs are Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a)       Post-milking teat dipping, dry cow therapy, well-maintained milking equipment, and culling of cows with chronic mastitis have successfully controlled contagious mastitis bacteria such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus (Makovec Ruegg, 2003). Milk samples collected from cows on Wisconsin dairy farms clearly demonstrated that environmental bacteria are the most common causes of clinical mastitis. (Pamela L. Ruegg, 2015) Once inside the udder, E. coli multiply rapidly, causing influx of the inflammatory cells. As neutrophils ingest and kill bacteria, endotoxin is released and along with other inflammatory mediators causes severe local inflammation. This inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability, changes in milk composition and damage to the mammary epithelial cells, which may result in the characteristic watery or serous milk secretion. The treatment for mastitis include administration of antimicrobial via the intramammary route or parentally (Gruet, Maincent, Berthelot, Kaltsatos, 2001). Unfortunately, despite the best possible antimicrobial treatments, failures of bacteriological cure are common, especially for S. aureus mastitis, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the reasons for low cure rates (Candrasekaran et al., 2014). There are other reasons, which are the management and iatrogenic factors, drug factors, mastitis-causing organism factors and also mammary gland factor. However, the major reason is the insufficient contact of the antimicrobial with the mastitis-causing organisms at the site of infection is a major cause of mastitis treatment failure (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2007). Some bacteria such as S. aureus can localize inside host cells thus restrict the concentration of drug in the cells. E. coli can form biofilms, a condition where the microorganisms structured within an array of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and adhering to a living or inert surface with the function of protecting the microorganisms in stress environments (Costa, Espeschit, Pieri, Benjamin, Moreira, 2014). The sessile cells arranged in biofilms tend to be more resistant to antimicrobial therapy compared with plantonic free cells, due to the slow diffusion of the antimicrobial in the inner layers of the biofilm (Costa et al., 2014). Also, to be effective, drugs need to be free and not inhibited by other components. Some drug may have high affinity binding towards protein. Thus, some component in the milk, for example, casein, may bind to the antibiotic and reduce the free the drugs in the udder. In the case of S. aureus infections during lactation, it has been estimated that the bacteriological cure rate is only within 25% to 50% only (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2015). 1.2 Problem Statement Escherichia coli is one of the major cause of mastitis development. Based on the research done in Wisconsin dairy farm, 21% of the mastitis case result from the E. coli infection. Despite of all the treatment given, the therapy has not been successful. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activities of Tetracycline against E. coli from clinical mastitis in growth media and milk. 1.3 Research Questions This study is designed to answer either tetracycline can demonstrate equivalent antimicrobial efficacy against E.coli in growth medium and in milk? 1.4 Research Hypotheses This study is constructed to answer the hypothesis, either tetracycline demonstrates equivalent antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli in growth medium and milk. 1.5 Research Objectives This study is conducted to achieve a set of following objectives :- To determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coli To determine minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coli To perform time kill assay of Enrofloxacin against E. coli 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of mastitis Mastitis is swelling of the mammary gland that frequently caused by bacteria ingoing the teat canal and moving up to the udder and there are two types of mastitis, which are contagious mastitis and also environmental mastitis (Dairy Australia, 2007). Contagious or cow-associated mastitis generally related to the bacterial infection that causing disease, which are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae (Dairy Australia, 2007). The bacteria present in the udders or on teat skin and spread either by splashes of disease-ridden milk or sprays during stripping on milkers hands or teatcup liners and by cross flow of milk between teatcups (Dairy Australia, 2007). Meanwhile environmental mastitis occur when the bedding which used to house the cattle is contaminated (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a). It is not only concern on the bedding of the cattle, the infected soil, manure, calving pads and water host bacteria can also causing this disease to developed (Dairy Australia, 2007). Mastitis come in two forms, which are subclinical and clinical, however, subclinical form is rare to be find (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a). 2.1  Escherichia coli Escherichia coli is no longer bizarre in our communities. This Enterobacteriaceae is a Gram-negative bacteria. It cannot sporulate and can be found commonly in the intestine. This bacteria have a characteristic of glucose fermenting, acid producing, nitrate reducing and oxidase negative. It also have facultative anaerobic characteristic which can grow easily at 37 °C. Physically, E. coli is small in size, approximately 1-2  µ x 30-30  µ, with flagella. It has no capsule and also no mucus layer. There are several antigen structures that play an important role for the identification of this bacteria, which are K antigen, H antigens and O antigen. K antigen can be found in the capsules, a compound in the group of polysaccharide. H antigen can be found in flagella and O antigen can be found in the cells or the body as it is a substance in the group of lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide (Wiwanitkit, 2011). Despite the fact that most of E. coli are harmless and beneficial, there are species that have the ability to cause disease, and they are divided into groups according to the mechanism of pathogenesis. The groups are enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). EHEC is a group that can cause haemorrhagic colitis and can end up with a specific complication called uremia haemolytic syndrome. EIEC or also known as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) causes diarrhea. ETEC is a major cause of travelers diarrhea and diarrhea in group of infants in developing countries. E. coli toxic products from the gut causes problems to the patients body. EPEC is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and EAEC is a new pathogen (Wiwanitkit, 2011). 2.2 Mastitis Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue, and is a major endemic disease of dairy cattle. It commonly occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of the teat canal by variety of bacterial sources present on the farm, and can also occur as a result of chemical, mechanical or thermal injury to the cows udder (AHDB Dairy, 2017). 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Samples collection This study is conducted in laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in University Malaysia Kelantan. The bacteria sample, which is Escherichia coli is isolated from the stock samples of the laboratory. There are three samples, which are EY1, E27 and E31. 3.2 Samples preparation The samples are cultured on the nutrient agar for 18 to 24 hours at 37 °C. 3.3 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli The bacterial colony on the nutrient agar is then cultured on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and gram staining is done. 3.4 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are determined using the broth micro dilution method. A range concentrations of antimicrobial is prepared in a 96 well microplate, followed by inoculation of bacteria culture to yield approximately 5105 cfu/ml in a 250ÃŽÂ ¼ final volume. The plate is then incubated in 37 °C for 18 hours. The lowest concentration of antimicrobial that inhibit bacterial growth is taken as MIC value. 3.5 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration The dilution representing the MIC are aliquot volume of the broth and spot onto Nutrient agar. The agar is then incubated 18 hours with 37 °C. No growth indicate that antibiotic is bactericidal at that concentration. If there is present growth indicative that antibiotic work as antibiotic only particularly on the dilution. 3.6 Time Kill Assay Tube containing designated concentration of antimicrobial will be inoculated with 105 cfu/ml of bacteria in Nutrient agar, followed by incubation at 37 °C, in an incubator shaker at 200 rpm. At 0, 1, 4, 24 hour post inoculation, 50 µ aliquots will be taken out, serially diluted in saline and plated on Nutrient agar. Plates will be incubated for 18 hours at 37 °C followed by colony counting. An antimicrobial is considered bactericidal if there is †°Ã‚ ¥3-log decrease in cfu/ml of bacteria counts, as compared to the growth control.      Ã‚   4.0 RESULTS 4.1 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli Colony of E. coli on EMB agar is small to medium circle in size and shape, with dark green and glossy, raised and polish appearance. 4.4 Time Kill Assay SAMPLE EY1 (x103) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 110 120 135 150 1X MIC 42 11 21 110 2X MIC 26 42 26 0 5X MIC 20 12 11 0 15X MIC 13 13 1 0 MILK CONTROL 123 135 141 156 1X MIC 46 35 173 110 2X MIC 46 26 11 100 5X MIC 32 14 8 0 15X MIC 37 13 4 0 Table 1 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample EY1 in x103 SAMPLE EY1 (x106) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 5.5 6.0 6.75 7.5 1X MIC 2.1 0.55 1.05 5.5 2X MIC 1.3 2.1 1.3 0 5X MIC 1.0 0.6 0.55 0 15X MIC 0.65 0.65 0.05 0 MILK CONTROL 6.15 6.75 7.05 7.8 1X MIC 2.3 1.75 8.65 5.5 2X MIC 2.3 1.3 0.55 5.0 5X MIC 1.6 0.7 0.4 0 15X MIC 1.85 0.65 0.2 0 Table 2 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample EY1 in x106 Figure 3 : Time-kill curve for E. coli (EY1) against Tetracycline on media and milk SAMPLE E27 (x103) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 113 126 141 154 1X MIC 64 29 49 111 2X MIC 58 35 18 10 5X MIC 42 22 2 0 15X MIC 30 11 1 0 MILK CONTROL 127 139 145 161 1X MIC 48 36 180 100 2X MIC 58 52 30 111 5X MIC 41 22 18 5 15X MIC 47 22 20 5 Table 3 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E27 in x103 SAMPLE E27 (x106) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 5.65 6.3 7.05 7.7 1X MIC 3.2 1.45 2.45 5.55 2X MIC 2.9 1.75 0.9 0.5 5X MIC 2.1 1.1 0.1 0 15X MIC 1.5 0.55 0.05 0 MILK CONTROL 6.35 6.95 7.25 8.05 1X MIC 2.4 1.8 9.0 5.0 2X MIC 2.9 2.6 1.5 5.55 5X MIC 2.05 1.1 0.9 0.25 15X MIC 2.35 1.1 1.0 0.25 Table 4 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E27 in x106 Figure 4 : Time-kill curve for E. coli (E27) against Tetracycline on media and milk SAMPLE E31 (x103) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 115 121 137 145 1X MIC 59 41 39 114 2X MIC 57 37 27 43 5X MIC 55 39 23 0 15X MIC 24 33 7 0 MILK CONTROL 121 140 149 165 1X MIC 56 40 180 108 2X MIC 71 50 45 116 5X MIC 51 26 12 102 15X MIC 58 25 13 0 Table 5 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x103   SAMPLE E31 (x106) T0 T1 T4 T24 MEDIA CONTROL 5.75 6.05 6.85 7.25 1X MIC 2.95 2.05 1.95 5.7 2X MIC 2.85 1.85 1.35 2.15 5X MIC 2.75 1.95 1.15 0 15X MIC 1.2 1.65 0.35 0 MILK CONTROL 6.05 7.0 7.45 8.25 1X MIC 2.8 2.0 9.0 5.4 2X MIC 3.55 2.5 2.25 5.8 5X MIC 2.55 1.3 0.6 5.1 15X MIC 2.9 1.25 0.65 0 Table 6 : Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x106       Figure 5 : Time-kill curve for E. coli (E31) against Tetracycline on media and milk

Multiple Personality Disorders Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Multiple Personality Disorders†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes people undergo traumatic experiences in their lives that are either physical or mental and maybe even a combination of both. If the experience was so intense, and so horrible, that the mind didn’t want to remember it, or possibly didn’t know how to deal or cope with it, then that one experience has the power to split a person’s mind into â€Å"another personality†. If this happens, the other personality or personalities come out when a person who has MPD (Multiple Personality Disorder) is put in a situation that he/she doesn’t know how to handle or feels that the other personality can handle it better. People suffering from MPD also have the risk of developing some symptoms of MPD that include fugue and amnesia. Fugue is the loss of identity in which the person suffering from fugue would not know who they are, who their family and friends are, where they worked, etc. Amnesia is a temporary loss of memory. If a person ex periences amnesia they are not going to remember a specific event or experience in their life. People with amnesia know who they are but do not know of a traumatic event that happened in their life. If someone has MPD then fugue and/or amnesia are most likely present as well. I will be writing brief descriptions of a few people who suffer from multiple personality disorder. Gretchen, John, Barb, and Beth plus are all people diagnosed with MPD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gretchen is a thirty-four year old woman and has been diagnosed with multiple personality disorder. Gretchen has three personalities, one is her, another is called â€Å"Myself†, and the third personality is â€Å"Enigma†. â€Å"Myself† concentrates better, and she comes out when Gretchen is having a bad day. She deals with Gretchens problems better then Gretchen can. â€Å"Myself† makes attempts to kill Gretchen. She cuts herself repeatedly and doesn’t know why. â€Å"Myself† also relives the abuse that was done to Gretchen as a child. â€Å"Enigma† is the evil personality. She doesn’t come out very much but when she does, she physically abuses herself, and tries to commit suicide to kill all the personalities. â€Å"Enigma† reminds me of the Exorcist because her voice is different, and the things she talks about is sadistic and evil. Gretchen has no conscious awareness of what is going on when the ot her personalities are out. She k... ...ear old girl and was the first multiple to appear to the therapist. â€Å"Janet† comes out to drive. â€Å"Carol† comes out to grocery shop. â€Å"Mary† is the financial keeper. â€Å"Skeptic† claims that Beth is a liar and is acting everything. â€Å"Yardwoman† takes care of the yard. Beth once caused her family to be $6,000 in debt because all her personalities had a combined seventeen credit cards and ran them up. Beth was abused and raped from age ten until the age fourteen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple Personality Disorder is a serious and real condition that is basically present in people who have gone through some kind of abuse or traumatic experience. So far MPD is not known as hereditary. There is no true explanation for multiple personality disorder but its accepted as a condition. Multiple personalities have not only been proved as dangerous and hazardous to surroundings, but its also the mystery of every psychologist and therapist. Many people devote their lives to unlock the secret of MPD and they try and unlock the â€Å"locked† memories in MPD patients minds. Multiple personality disorder has and continues to boggle the minds of psychologist everywhere and is still unexplainable.

AIDS - Women Die Sooner than Men :: Science Health Diseases Essays

AIDS - Women Die Sooner than Men Given the varying types of gender-specific opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS such as cervical cancer, there is reason to believe that the biological progression of HIV/AIDS is different in women and men. Still, there is no conclusive evidence in support of the hypothesis that the progression of HIV/AIDS is more accelerated in women than it is in men. Regardless, the fact that women infected with HIV/AIDS become sicker faster and die sooner than men can be entirely attributable to social factors that do not depend on the scientific details of the HIV virus. Two social factors primarily responsible for the rapid demise of HIV-positive women in the United States are the mis- and under-representation of women in the national AIDS discourse and the disproportionate number of woman living in poverty. From the moment AIDS first appeared in the United States as "Gay-Related Immuno Deficiency", women (among others) were left out the national AIDS dialogue. Even though the first case of HIV/AIDS infection in an African-American woman was reported in 1982 (Goldstein 114), the general public believed for the most part of the 1980s that women would remain unaffected by the epidemic. Since then, women have been slowly incorporated into the national AIDS debate, albeit in a very limited and qualified manner. In her essay, "Seeing AIDS: Race, Gender, and Representation," Evelynn Hammonds recognizes an array of contemporary AIDS narratives depicting different female stereotypes, but contends that the majority of African-American women are not identifying with these narratives. In a study on commercial street sex workers, Kim Blankenship shows how such non-identification with an at-risk population can lead to a false sense of security while engaging in risky behaviors and can ultimately lead to a late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. This is particularly problematic for African-Americans, who will account for 64% of new infections among women in the year 2002 according to the Center for Disease Control but do not "see" themselves as being affected by the epidemic. Consequently, African-Americans women will be diagnosed later in the progression of HIV/AIDS than men, the vast majority of whom identify themselves either with the at-risk population of men who have sex with men or with that of intravenous drug users (IDU). These women will therefore become sicker faster and die sooner. Another mis-representation of women in the AIDS epidemic that contributes to the speedy progression of HIV/AIDS in females is the characterization of women as "vectors" of transmission.

Regulation of Conception in Moores How Essay -- Moore How

Regulation of Conception in Moore's How  Ã‚      Lorrie Moore's "How" takes an active stand on love and relationships.   It strongly and clearly rests on the values and ideas that our society holds on the concepts of partnership among a man and woman.   Moore formatted the narrative in such a way that it commands the reader's dependency upon the author's words, makes inevitable foreshadow, and specifically directs our views into the story.   By using the cultural analysis, one will find ways and evidence that assisted Moore in successfully achieving these previously listed.   Those aspects that will be covered include the exterior and interior structure of the narrative, how it sets our views and expectations of the aspects of love and relationships, how that potentially influences our personal thoughts, goals, and actions, how the narrative changes focus, perception, and sympathy on each character, and how the author used allusion to help the reader create visualization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "How," the title itself has the reader to automatically look into the story line for information and insight instead of entertainment.   This alone, gives the author the upperhand and ability to feed her ideas into our own.   Like other "how to" texts, off hand, the writer is looked to with much creditability which in turn causes us to absorb and believe more of its context.   Furthermore, "How" is written in a step by step pattern where each thought, action, and time frame is easy to follow and understand.   Moore also uses the word "will" often to state a command.   Within the narrative, Moore states and describes the progression and passage of time.   The events that take place in a relationship are foreshadowed and an inevitability is portrayed.   Also, t... ...ions were relevant to either actual singers, actors, music, or musicals.   Moore made several reference to the violin (991). The violin is closely associated with death.   Theses allusions were made with the female character's fantasies of a funeral and nightmares of her own downfall. Other allusions made were that of Dorothy (992) in the "Wizard of Oz," James Cagney (988 and 991), Ozzie and Harriet (987), Hank Williams (993), Coriolanus (988), and Robert Goulet (989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "How" is a powerful piece in its ability to catch its reader and directly challenge or influence their ideas.   The format commanded, foreshadowed, and focused on many aspects of love and relationships. Moore specifically directed our attention throughout the narrative.   However, she ended with some freedom for the reader to make their own conclusion and develop their own opinions of the text. Regulation of Conception in Moore's How Essay -- Moore How Regulation of Conception in Moore's How  Ã‚      Lorrie Moore's "How" takes an active stand on love and relationships.   It strongly and clearly rests on the values and ideas that our society holds on the concepts of partnership among a man and woman.   Moore formatted the narrative in such a way that it commands the reader's dependency upon the author's words, makes inevitable foreshadow, and specifically directs our views into the story.   By using the cultural analysis, one will find ways and evidence that assisted Moore in successfully achieving these previously listed.   Those aspects that will be covered include the exterior and interior structure of the narrative, how it sets our views and expectations of the aspects of love and relationships, how that potentially influences our personal thoughts, goals, and actions, how the narrative changes focus, perception, and sympathy on each character, and how the author used allusion to help the reader create visualization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "How," the title itself has the reader to automatically look into the story line for information and insight instead of entertainment.   This alone, gives the author the upperhand and ability to feed her ideas into our own.   Like other "how to" texts, off hand, the writer is looked to with much creditability which in turn causes us to absorb and believe more of its context.   Furthermore, "How" is written in a step by step pattern where each thought, action, and time frame is easy to follow and understand.   Moore also uses the word "will" often to state a command.   Within the narrative, Moore states and describes the progression and passage of time.   The events that take place in a relationship are foreshadowed and an inevitability is portrayed.   Also, t... ...ions were relevant to either actual singers, actors, music, or musicals.   Moore made several reference to the violin (991). The violin is closely associated with death.   Theses allusions were made with the female character's fantasies of a funeral and nightmares of her own downfall. Other allusions made were that of Dorothy (992) in the "Wizard of Oz," James Cagney (988 and 991), Ozzie and Harriet (987), Hank Williams (993), Coriolanus (988), and Robert Goulet (989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "How" is a powerful piece in its ability to catch its reader and directly challenge or influence their ideas.   The format commanded, foreshadowed, and focused on many aspects of love and relationships. Moore specifically directed our attention throughout the narrative.   However, she ended with some freedom for the reader to make their own conclusion and develop their own opinions of the text.

Carpe Diem Essay

Seizing the twenty-four hours has a profound significance behind it. in Latin it is known as Carpe Diem. Carpe Diem refers to holding no fright to make something. taking opportunities and hazards. In the film â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† a character named Knox has a crush on a miss. while she was already dating another cat. Knox was seeking to prehend the twenty-four hours by seeking to pass clip with her. There are many more illustrations of carpe diem in this exceeding film. but this I feel is the most pertinent. Many of the verse forms that we read in category were besides related to the unrecorded life like it is the last. The film and the other verse forms are cardinal in explicating what carpe diem truly means. â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† is a great illustration of prehending the twenty-four hours. Knox taking hazards. inquiring a football player’s girlfriend on a day of the month shows that he has no fright. He had no fright of the effects that would likely happen if he was of all time caught. In another illustration of the film. a character Neil defied his male parent by traveling into moving. Neil’s father told him that he did non desire Neil to travel into moving. and go a physician. Neil went against his male parent. and was the lead in a drama. Neil seized the twenty-four hours by making the drama. and hope that his male parent would happen forgiveness in him. These illustrations from â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† are great illustrations of what carpe diem signifies. Another illustration of carpe diem is the great figure of verse forms that we read in category. These verse forms besides stated the same as the film and that was to unrecorded life to the fullest every bit shortly as possible. The verse form such as â€Å"O captain. my captain† by Walt Whitman expressed carpe diem. which is why it was a major portion of the film â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† . This verse form was related to Lincoln and the civil war. about taking opportunities and to prehend the twenty-four hours. Other verse forms stressed that we are non on this Earth everlastingly and clip is traveling by fast. so now is the clip to prehend the twenty-four hours. Poems that we read stressed the significance of carpe diem. particularly the verse form by Walt Whitman. These illustrations of the verse forms that we read in category. and the illustrations that came out of the film are great illustrations of what prehending the twenty-four hours truly means. The illustration of Knox holding no fright whatsoever by dating another guy’s girlfriend. shows that he is taking opportunities and wants to prehend the twenty-four hours before it is excessively late. The verse form we read such as â€Å"o captain. my captain† besides show prehending the twenty-four hours as good. So overall carpe diem refers to make non wait until it is excessively late. if there is an ch ance take it and prehend twenty-four hours no affair what the hazards or effects.

Global warming speech Essay

INTRODUCTION The negative effects of global warming are slowly ruining the environment we live in. In a few decades, it is possible our Earth will be very uncomfortable to live on. I have researched the issues of global warming and have found out as much as I possibly can in order to deliver an informative speech about global warming. Global warming is an extremely important topic to me, because knowing what the negative effects of global warming are and what can be done to help solve those effects, our environment can stay safe and protected, and clearly the environment is one of the most essential parts of our daily lives. There is a significant amount of negative effects for the environment and for human life due to global warming. Global warming affects each and every one of us. We should all be concerned with what is happening to our planet. TRANSITION: We will be more inclined to help reduce the effects of global warming if we understand what these effects are†¦ 1.) Rising temperatures are more dangerous for certain areas over other areas. 2.) The rising temperatures are causing changes in our precipitation. 3.) Over time, global warming will worsen and cause more problems for us, as well as our future generations. SPEECH BODY I. The main and most detrimental effect of global warming is the increase in the global average temperature. A. In the past 100 years the Earth’s global average temperature rose by 0.98 to 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit. 1. This rise in temperature has been confirmed by at least 20 scientific communities. a. This includes all of the national academies of science of the G8 states. b. G8 is the world’s most industrialized nations working to stop the increase in global average temperature. 2. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control concludes that the increase in temperature is due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, also known as the greenhouse effect. a. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control has also concluded that the global temperatures will rise by 2 to 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. TRANSITION: With the global average temperatures raising so much in quite a short period of time, we must be prepared for what the causes of this rise may be if there is no solution to global warming. II. The rising of the average global temperatures is extremely dangerous for those of us who live near places of frequent drought, flooding, and places of poverty. A. One effect of global warming is the reduction of summer streams flow. 1. This can be a problem in areas of frequent drought, with reduced flow of water, drought will become more frequent. B. There is also rising sea levels because of the melting of glaciers and ice masses. 1. For areas near bodies of water, this can become a major problem. There will be more flooding due to the sea levels rising over the norm. C. Another effect of global warming is more intense weather events, agricultural yields, and an increase in the ranges of disease. 1. Most of these effects will become a problem for areas of poverty. Areas of poverty will not have the shelter or tools necessary to help protect themselves against these damaging effects of global warming. TRANSITION: The rising global average temperature of global warming is the main cause for many of the effects that global warming is having on our environment and our species. III. The rising temperatures caused by global warming are changing precipitation patterns. A. The change in precipitation will play a major role in the Earth’s climate. 1. The change in climate will have lasting impacts on the people living and dealing with the climate. 2. The Earth may become a very uncomfortable place to live in the upcoming decades, with increased precipitation and harsh weather. TRANSITION: There are many other effects of global warming, I have only named a few, the few that I feel will affect us in our own lifetimes. CONCLUSION: However, as global warming continues to become more pronounced and temperatures continue to rise, the negative effects on our environment will become more and more of a problem to us and to our future generations.